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Core Principles Eduqas Biology A Level > Carbohydrates 2 > Flashcards

Carbohydrates 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a monomer carbohydrate called?

A

A monosaccharide

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2
Q

What is a dimer carbohydrate called?

A

Disaccharide

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3
Q

What is a polymer carbohydrate called?

A

Polysaccharide

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4
Q

What is an isomer?

A

Molecule of the same subunits and chemical formula but a different formation of the atoms

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5
Q

Give three examples of Disaccharides

A

Lactose sucrose, maltose

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6
Q

What is lactose?

A

Glucose and galactose

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7
Q

What is sucrose?

A

Glucose and fructose

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8
Q

What is maltose?

A

Glucose and glucose

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9
Q

Give three examples of polysaccharides

A

Starch, glycogen, cellulose and chitin (not a true polysaccharide as it includes nitrogen in it’s functional group of acetyl amide)

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10
Q

What three elements are carbohydrates made up of?

A

Carbon hydrogen oxygen

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11
Q

Give a brief description of what starch does

A

Storage of glucose in plants

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12
Q

Give a brief description of what glycogen does

A

Storage of glucose in liver and muscles

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13
Q

Give a brief description of what cellulose does

A

Makes up cell walls

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14
Q

Give a brief description of what chitin does

A

Makes up the exoskeleton of insects and the cell wall of fungi

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15
Q

What categories of monosaccharides are there?

A

Triose pentose, hexose

Ose usually means said molecule is a carbohydrate

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16
Q

What is the equation for monosaccharides?

A

(C(H20))n

17
Q

What is hexose and what are examples of it?

A

A monosaccharide with six carbon atoms. Glucose fructose, galactose
Always C6H12O6
Learn to draw glucose, recognise fructose and galactose (see booklet)

18
Q

What is pentose and what are examples of it?

A

A monosaccharide with 5 carbon atoms.
Always C5H10O5
Deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA

19
Q

What is triose and what are examples of it?

A

A monosaccharide with 3 carbon atoms.
Always C3H6O3
Glyceraldehyde - part of cellular respiration

20
Q

How many isomers are there of glucose? What are they? What is the difference between them?

A

2 and they are called alpha and beta glucose. Alpha glucose has the OH below carbon 1, where is beta glucose has it above carbon 1. Learn how to draw both of them

21
Q

Are monosaccharides always in a ring structure?

A

No, all of the types of monosaccharides can be in a straight carbon chain. Have a look at the booklet

22
Q

What is the basic function of glycogen?

A

the main storage product in animals

23
Q

What bonds does glycogen have ?

A

(alpha symbol)-1,4-glycosidic bonds and (alpha symbol)-1,6-glycosidic bonds

24
Q

Where is glycogen found?

A

Liver cells

25
Q

What is chitin?

A

Chitin is the same as cellulose and is used in exoskeletons in insects and cells walls in fungi. However, an oh group on each beta glucose is replaced by a nitrogen containing acetyl amide group. This forms a mucopolysaccharide. It means chitin is also waterproof and lightweight. Because the acetyl group alternates position due to the 180 degree rotation it is a heterosaccharide.

26
Q

What shape does glycogen make?

A

Glycogen is similar to amylopectin but much more branched. The 1-4 glycosidic bond from the straight chain which coils

27
Q

Why is it good for a glucose polysaccharide to be branched?

A

Because it makes it easier for enzymes to either condense or hydrolyse the glucose.

28
Q

What monomers is cellulose made up of?

A

Beta glucose

29
Q

Is cellulose soluble and how does it respond to water another solute?

A

Cellulose is insoluble but is freely permeable to water and other solute

30
Q

What is it that makes starch and glycogen be able to coil?

A

The glycosidic bonds are on the same side of the molecules as in they all go up or they all go down, not alternating like in cellulose. This means that they can coil, whereas cellulose has the bonds not all on the same side and is therefore non-compactable.

31
Q

What shape does cellulose form?

A

Cellulose microfibrils, each bonded by hydrogen bonds, form one big macrofibril that in turn joins others to create a cellulose fibre.

32
Q

Describe the structure of a cellulose microfibril.

A

Adjacent beta glucose molecules rotate 180 degrees allowing 1-4 glycosidic linkages to form. These Bonds form to to produce long straight chains that have a high tensile strength and are non compactable. Adjacent chains then cross-link with each other using hydrogen bonds to form the complete microfibrils. This creates the strength.

33
Q

What is a function of cellulose?

A

It is a main constituent of the cell wall in plant cells

Core Principles Eduqas Biology A Level (8 decks)

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