Protein Synthesis. Flashcards
What is the first step in protein synthesis?
Transcription
Where does transcription occur in eukaryotic cells?
Nucleus
What is the enzyme responsible for transcription?
RNA polymerase
What is the product of transcription?
mRNA (messenger RNA)
What is the second step in protein synthesis?
Translation
Where does translation occur in eukaryotic cells?
Ribosome
What is the role of tRNA in translation?
To bring amino acids to the ribosome
What is the start codon in mRNA?
AUG
What is the function of the ribosome in translation?
To catalyze the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids
What is the final step in protein synthesis?
Protein folding
What is the primary structure of a protein?
The sequence of amino acids
What is the secondary structure of a protein?
Alpha helix or beta sheet
What is the tertiary structure of a protein?
Overall 3D shape of the protein
What is the quaternary structure of a protein?
Arrangement of multiple protein subunits
What is the genetic code?
The set of rules by which information encoded in mRNA is translated into proteins
What is a codon?
A three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid
What is an anticodon?
A three-nucleotide sequence in tRNA that is complementary to a codon in mRNA
What is the role of the signal peptide in protein synthesis?
To direct the protein to the appropriate cellular location
What is a mutation in the context of protein synthesis?
A change in the DNA sequence that can lead to alterations in the protein sequence
What is the role of chaperone proteins in protein folding?
To assist in the correct folding of proteins
What is the importance of post-translational modifications in protein function?
They can alter the structure and function of proteins, affecting their activity
What is the significance of the ribosome in protein synthesis?
It is the site where mRNA is decoded and proteins are synthesized
What is the difference between transcription and translation?
Transcription is the synthesis of mRNA from DNA, while translation is the synthesis of proteins from mRNA
What is the role of the start codon in translation?
It signals the beginning of protein synthesis and specifies the amino acid methionine
What is transcription?
Process of creating an RNA copy of a dna sequence.
Why manufacturers ribosomes?
Nucleolus.
What does the ribosomes make?
Proteins
What does the RER process?
Proteins which are taken to the Golgi body.
Why does the Golgi body do?
Further processes the proteins and sends them in vesicles to the plasma membrane.
What do the vesicles fuse with to produce what?
Plasma membrane to secrete the finished protein product.
What does the nucleus manufacture?
mRNA
What does mitochondria provides?
ATP energy for the whole process.
How does mRNA get out the nucleus?
Nuclear pore to a ribosomes.
What happens in the RER?
Amino acids join together to form proteins.
Packed together into vesicles and move along folds of RER towards Golgi.
Which side does the Golgi receive the vesicles on?
Cis face
How does the Golgi modify them?
Usually adds carbohydrate to make glycoproteins.
Which side are the proteins release on?
Trans face.
What is exocytosis?
Release of secretion from the cell
