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A Level Biology OCRA > Protein Synthesis. > Flashcards

Protein Synthesis. Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the first step in protein synthesis?

A

Transcription

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2
Q

Where does transcription occur in eukaryotic cells?

A

Nucleus

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3
Q

What is the enzyme responsible for transcription?

A

RNA polymerase

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4
Q

What is the product of transcription?

A

mRNA (messenger RNA)

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5
Q

What is the second step in protein synthesis?

A

Translation

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6
Q

Where does translation occur in eukaryotic cells?

A

Ribosome

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7
Q

What is the role of tRNA in translation?

A

To bring amino acids to the ribosome

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8
Q

What is the start codon in mRNA?

A

AUG

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9
Q

What is the function of the ribosome in translation?

A

To catalyze the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids

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10
Q

What is the final step in protein synthesis?

A

Protein folding

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11
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein?

A

The sequence of amino acids

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12
Q

What is the secondary structure of a protein?

A

Alpha helix or beta sheet

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13
Q

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

A

Overall 3D shape of the protein

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14
Q

What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

A

Arrangement of multiple protein subunits

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15
Q

What is the genetic code?

A

The set of rules by which information encoded in mRNA is translated into proteins

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16
Q

What is a codon?

A

A three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid

17
Q

What is an anticodon?

A

A three-nucleotide sequence in tRNA that is complementary to a codon in mRNA

18
Q

What is the role of the signal peptide in protein synthesis?

A

To direct the protein to the appropriate cellular location

19
Q

What is a mutation in the context of protein synthesis?

A

A change in the DNA sequence that can lead to alterations in the protein sequence

20
Q

What is the role of chaperone proteins in protein folding?

A

To assist in the correct folding of proteins

21
Q

What is the importance of post-translational modifications in protein function?

A

They can alter the structure and function of proteins, affecting their activity

22
Q

What is the significance of the ribosome in protein synthesis?

A

It is the site where mRNA is decoded and proteins are synthesized

23
Q

What is the difference between transcription and translation?

A

Transcription is the synthesis of mRNA from DNA, while translation is the synthesis of proteins from mRNA

24
Q

What is the role of the start codon in translation?

A

It signals the beginning of protein synthesis and specifies the amino acid methionine

25
Q

What is transcription?

A

Process of creating an RNA copy of a dna sequence.

26
Q

Why manufacturers ribosomes?

A

Nucleolus.

27
Q

What does the ribosomes make?

A

Proteins

28
Q

What does the RER process?

A

Proteins which are taken to the Golgi body.

29
Q

Why does the Golgi body do?

A

Further processes the proteins and sends them in vesicles to the plasma membrane.

30
Q

What do the vesicles fuse with to produce what?

A

Plasma membrane to secrete the finished protein product.

31
Q

What does the nucleus manufacture?

A

mRNA

32
Q

What does mitochondria provides?

A

ATP energy for the whole process.

33
Q

How does mRNA get out the nucleus?

A

Nuclear pore to a ribosomes.

34
Q

What happens in the RER?

A

Amino acids join together to form proteins.
Packed together into vesicles and move along folds of RER towards Golgi.

35
Q

Which side does the Golgi receive the vesicles on?

A

Cis face

36
Q

How does the Golgi modify them?

A

Usually adds carbohydrate to make glycoproteins.

37
Q

Which side are the proteins release on?

A

Trans face.

38
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Release of secretion from the cell

A Level Biology OCRA (7 decks)

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