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A Level Biology OCRA > 2.1.2 Biological Molecules > Flashcards

2.1.2 Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a monomer?

A

Small basic molecular unit which can bind to other identical monomers to form a polymer.

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2
Q

What is a polymer?

A

Large complex molecules made of long chains of monomers joined together.

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3
Q

What is a diner?

A

Lots of similar units joined together

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4
Q

What atoms are made up from: carbohydrates?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, ixygen

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5
Q

What atoms are made up from: proteins?

A

Nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, sulphur

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6
Q

What atoms are made up from: nucleic acids?

A

Phosphorus, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen

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7
Q

What atoms are made up from: lipids?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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8
Q

What is the monomer of: carbohydrate?

A

Monosaccharide

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9
Q

What is the monomer of: proteins?

A

Amino acids

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10
Q

What is the monomer of: nucleic acids?

A

Nucleitides

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11
Q

What is the monomer of: lipids?

A

Isn’t one

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12
Q

What is the polymer of: carbohydrates?

A

Polysaccharide

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13
Q

What is the polymer of: proteins?

A

Polypeptides

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14
Q

What is the polymer of: nucleic acids?

A

DNA/ RNA

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15
Q

What is the polymer of: lipids?

A

Isn’t one.

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16
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

Join molecules together, water lost and new covalent bond formed

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17
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

Split larger molecules into smaller ones, water molecules are used and covalent bonds are broken

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18
Q

Glucose- What is the advantage of the feature: small?

A

Can easily move across the membrane

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19
Q

Glucose- What is the advantage of the feature: easily hydrolysed?

A

To quickly release energy in respiration.

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20
Q

Glucose- What is the advantage of the feature: contains OH groups?

A

So solvable in water for easy transport

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21
Q

Glucose- What is the advantage of the feature: can be bonded together?

A

Can form larger storage molecules

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22
Q

Glucose- What is the advantage of the feature: different isomers?

A

Gives structural integrity

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23
Q

What are some examples of monosaccharides?

A

Glucose, fructose, galactose, deoxyribose, ribose

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24
Q

What are some examples of disaccharides?

A

Maltose, lactose, sucrose.

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25
Q

What is this formulated from: maltose?

A

2 glucose

26
Q

What is this formulated from: lactose?

A

Glucose and galactose

27
Q

What is this formulated from: sucrose?

A

Glucose and fructose.

28
Q

What are some examples of polysaccharides?

A

Glycogen, starch, cellulose

29
Q

I

A
30
Q

Polysaccharide: what are some examples of them?

A

Starch, glycogen, cellulose.

31
Q

Polysaccharide: what is the function of starch and glycogen?

A

Energy storage

32
Q

Polysaccharide: what is the role of cellulose?

A

Structural.

33
Q

Starch: what organism is the energy stored in?

A

Plants

34
Q

Starch: what are the two molecules it can form?

A

Amylose and amylopectin.

35
Q

Starch: what is the test for it and what is the positive result?

A

Iodine in solution.
Goes a blue/ black colour.

36
Q

Starch- amylase: how many glycosidic link are there?

A

1-4

37
Q

Starch- amylase: what does it form?

A

Helix coil.

38
Q

Starch- amylase: in the coil what bonds are there?

A

Hydrogen bonds.

39
Q

Starch- amylase: what are the properties of it?

A

Compact, store large amounts.

40
Q

Starch- amylopectin: between how many glycosidic bonds are there?

A

1-4
1-6

41
Q

Starch- amylopectin: what links make amylopectin branches?

A

1-6

42
Q

Starch- amylopectin: what makes it able to be hydralised faster?

A

More ends on the branches for enzymes to attach to.
Enzymes connect at the beginnings and ends.

43
Q

Starch: what type of glucose is it made out of from?

A

Alpha glucose.

44
Q

Glycogen: what organism is it stored in?

A

Animals.

45
Q

Glycogen: what type of glucose is it made out of?

A

Alpha glucose.

46
Q

Glycogen: what’s it very similar to?

A

Amylopectin

47
Q

Glycogen: how many glycosidic links are there and where is that number. Comparison to amylopectin?

A

1-6
More

48
Q

Glycogen: what are the major stores of it?

A

Muscle cells and liver

49
Q

Glycogen: what type of molecule is it?

A

Compact

50
Q

Glycogen: during respiration what is it converted to and by what?

A

Enzyme
Glucose

51
Q

Glycogen: why does it need to convert quickly?

A

High levels of respiration in animals.

52
Q

Glycogen: is it soluble in water?

A

No

53
Q

Glycogen: can it diffuse out of a cell?

A

No

54
Q

Cellulose: what type of polysaccharide is it?

A

Structural.

55
Q

Cellulose: where is it found?

A

Plant cell walls.

56
Q

Cellulose: what type of glucose molecule is it?

A

Beta

57
Q

Cellulose: what happens to every second beta glucose molecule?

A

Flipped 180 degrees

58
Q

Cellulose: what does the formation of the chains look like?

A

Unbranded
Straight chain

59
Q

Cellulose: what bonds are in between each chain?

A

Hydrogen bonds

60
Q

Cellulose: what do the hydrogen bonds do?

A

Make it strong.

61
Q

Cellulose: what is it Permeable to?

A

Water

62
Q

Cellulose: how does the cell wall work?

A

Cell Content pushes out to balance the inwards push.
The cell wall can resist and becomes turgid.

A Level Biology OCRA (7 decks)

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