Cell Structure. Flashcards
What is a prokaryotic cell? And give an example.
Bacteria.
No true nucleus (free loop of dna) very few organelles and exist as single cells.
What is eukaryotic cell and give an example?
animal, plant, fungi
True nucleus and lots of organelles.
What are some examples of prokaryotes?
E-coli, salmonella, campylobacter
What are extremophiles and what conditions can they specifically survive in?
Harsh conditions.
pH, temperature, salinity.
Why additional organelles does bacteria cells have?
Pilus, plasmid, nuclear material, slime capsule, mesosomes, plasma membrane
What is the cell wall made out of?
Mureirs
What’s different about the plasmids?
Smaller
What does the extra loops of dna mean?
Extra genes and a survival advantage such as antibiotics resistance
What is different about the nuclear material dna?
Circular not linear.
Not in nucleus free in cytoplasm
What is the purpose of the slime capsule?
Protect it from drying out and to hide itself from white blood cells within the body.
What is the mesome and what is contained here?
Folding of the cell surface membrane.
Enzymes for respiration here.
Cell division and wall formation.
What is the role of the pilus?
Attachment to other bacterial cells/ surfaces.
What is the sizes of ribosomes in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Pro: 70S= smaller
Eu: 80S= bigger
What don’t prokaryotic cells have?
Membrane bound organelles.
Why is a plant cell wall made out of?
Cellulose
What is fungi’s cell wall made out of?
Chitin.
What’s the difference between the flagella on prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Pro: thinner and don’t have the 9+2 micro tubule arrangement.
How is the flagellum attached on a bacteria cell and how does that differ from an animal cell?
Cell membrane of a bacterium by a basal body and is rotated by a molecular motor.
Eukaryotes have a cork screw motion.
What turns the ‘motor’ in the flagellum?
Proteins
What are heterotrophs, what are their role and how do they do it?
Rely on other organisms as a source of nutrition
Decomposes
Release enzymes into dead organic matter, digest molecules present and reabsorb the useful ones
What are autotrophs, what 2 groups are there and how do they gain nutrition?
Can synthesis their own organic molecules.
Photoautrophs and chemoautopteophs.
What are photoautrophs , how do they carry out nutrition and what features do they have which enable that?
Carry out photosynthesis.
Use light energy in a similar way to plants but they don’t have chloroplasts instead they have pigments located in the folded membranes.
What are chemoaytoptrophs, how they gain nutrition?
Simple organic substances in order to make organic molecules and to gain nervy.
Why extra structures are in an animal cell?
Micro tubules.
Centrioles
Micro filaments
Lysosomes
SER
Small vacuole
Secretory vesicle
Peroxisome
Golgi vesicle
Golgi apparatus
Nucleouls
RER
Intermediate filament
Where is cilia found?
Trachea and boronchi
How is cilia attached?
Beneath the membrane
How do he cilia move and how do they perform their function?
Beat in a synchronised way, move mucus over the cell nodules to the bc, of the throat which is then swallowed.
Where is the microvilli found?
Folds in the surface membrane.
Why cells are microvilli found in?
Cells lining the small intestine.
What does microvilli makes?
Large surface area which increase the rate of absorption across the membrane.
What is 5e role of the flagellum?
Move the cell forwards.
What extra structures are in the plant cell?
SER
Golgi apparatus
Plasmodesmata
RER
Nuclear envelope.
In. Plant cell what is the membrane around the vacuole called?
Tonoplast
Function of plasma membrane?
Regulates movement of substances in and out of the cell.
Receptor Kole uses which allows it to respond to chemicals
Function of cell wall?
Support plant cells
Function of nucleus?
Co tells cell activity
DNA contains instructions for proteins
Pores allow substances to move between nculeay and cytoplasms.
Nucleus . Makes ribosomes.
Function of ribosomes?
Site where proteins are made
Function of RER?
Folds and processes proteins that have been made at the ribosomes.
Function of SER?
Synthesis and processes of lipids.
Function of vesicle?
Yea slots substances in and out of cell and between organelles.
Some formed by Golgi apparatus or endiplasyic reticulum whilst some formed at cell surfce
Function of lysosomes?
Digestive enzymes. Kept separate from cytoplasm by surround membrane
Use to digest invading cells or break down worn out component of the cell nodules
Function of Golgi apparatus?
Processes and packages new lipids and proteins it Lao make lysosomes.
Function of mitochondria?
Aerobic respiration ATP produced.
Large numbers very active require and lot of energy
Function of chloroplast?
Photosynthesis
Parts happen in the grana some in stroma- thick fluid
Function of centriole?
Involved with separation of Chromosomes during cell division
How are centrioles arranged and what is that arrangement called?
One pair in each cell. Arranged at right angles to each other.
Centrosome.
Function of cilia?
Microtubules allow the cilia to move.
Movement is used by cell to move substances during cell surface.
What is the arrangement of cilia?
9 + 2
Function of flagellum?
Microtubules contract to me the flagellum move
Are used outboard like motors to propel cell forwards
Cytoskeleton: what is it?
Network of protein threads running through cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
Cytoskeleton: what are the protein threads made from?
Mixture of microfiliaments, Microtubules and intermediate fibres.
Cytoskeleton: microfiliaments- what is it made from?
Actin
Cytoskeleton: microfilaments- what is the size of each one?
7nm
Cytoskeleton: microfilaments- what is its function?
Support and mechanical strength to a cell to keep its shape.
Whole cell to move.
Split cell into 2 daughter cells at the end of mitosis.
Cytoskeleton: Microtubules- what is it made up from?
Tubulin
Cytoskeleton: Microtubules- why is the size of each one?
18-30nm
Cytoskeleton: Microtubules- what is the function of them?
Move organelles through cytoplasm from one part to another.
Form a track for organelles and vesicles to move along.
Shape and support
Make up spindle needed for chromosomes movement during mitosis/ meiosis.
Make up cilia, flagella and centrioles
Cytoskeleton: intermediate fibres- why do these make up?
Variety of proteins
Cytoskeleton: intermediate fibres- how wide are they?
10nm
Cytoskeleton: intermediate fibres- what do they do in the cytoplasm?
Anchor the nucleus.
Cytoskeleton: intermediate fibres- what do they extend between and what is the point of it?
Between cells helping anchor cells in place together on a basement membrane stabilising the structure of tissues.
