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A Level Biology OCRA > Cell Structure. > Flashcards

Cell Structure. Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell? And give an example.

A

Bacteria.
No true nucleus (free loop of dna) very few organelles and exist as single cells.

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2
Q

What is eukaryotic cell and give an example?

A

animal, plant, fungi
True nucleus and lots of organelles.

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3
Q

What are some examples of prokaryotes?

A

E-coli, salmonella, campylobacter

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4
Q

What are extremophiles and what conditions can they specifically survive in?

A

Harsh conditions.
pH, temperature, salinity.

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5
Q

Why additional organelles does bacteria cells have?

A

Pilus, plasmid, nuclear material, slime capsule, mesosomes, plasma membrane

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6
Q

What is the cell wall made out of?

A

Mureirs

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7
Q

What’s different about the plasmids?

A

Smaller

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8
Q

What does the extra loops of dna mean?

A

Extra genes and a survival advantage such as antibiotics resistance

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9
Q

What is different about the nuclear material dna?

A

Circular not linear.
Not in nucleus free in cytoplasm

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10
Q

What is the purpose of the slime capsule?

A

Protect it from drying out and to hide itself from white blood cells within the body.

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11
Q

What is the mesome and what is contained here?

A

Folding of the cell surface membrane.
Enzymes for respiration here.
Cell division and wall formation.

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12
Q

What is the role of the pilus?

A

Attachment to other bacterial cells/ surfaces.

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13
Q

What is the sizes of ribosomes in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

Pro: 70S= smaller
Eu: 80S= bigger

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14
Q

What don’t prokaryotic cells have?

A

Membrane bound organelles.

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15
Q

Why is a plant cell wall made out of?

A

Cellulose

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16
Q

What is fungi’s cell wall made out of?

A

Chitin.

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17
Q

What’s the difference between the flagella on prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

Pro: thinner and don’t have the 9+2 micro tubule arrangement.

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18
Q

How is the flagellum attached on a bacteria cell and how does that differ from an animal cell?

A

Cell membrane of a bacterium by a basal body and is rotated by a molecular motor.
Eukaryotes have a cork screw motion.

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19
Q

What turns the ‘motor’ in the flagellum?

A

Proteins

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20
Q

What are heterotrophs, what are their role and how do they do it?

A

Rely on other organisms as a source of nutrition
Decomposes
Release enzymes into dead organic matter, digest molecules present and reabsorb the useful ones

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21
Q

What are autotrophs, what 2 groups are there and how do they gain nutrition?

A

Can synthesis their own organic molecules.
Photoautrophs and chemoautopteophs.

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22
Q

What are photoautrophs , how do they carry out nutrition and what features do they have which enable that?

A

Carry out photosynthesis.
Use light energy in a similar way to plants but they don’t have chloroplasts instead they have pigments located in the folded membranes.

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23
Q

What are chemoaytoptrophs, how they gain nutrition?

A

Simple organic substances in order to make organic molecules and to gain nervy.

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24
Q

Why extra structures are in an animal cell?

A

Micro tubules.
Centrioles
Micro filaments
Lysosomes
SER
Small vacuole
Secretory vesicle
Peroxisome
Golgi vesicle
Golgi apparatus
Nucleouls
RER
Intermediate filament

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25
Q

Where is cilia found?

A

Trachea and boronchi

26
Q

How is cilia attached?

A

Beneath the membrane

27
Q

How do he cilia move and how do they perform their function?

A

Beat in a synchronised way, move mucus over the cell nodules to the bc, of the throat which is then swallowed.

28
Q

Where is the microvilli found?

A

Folds in the surface membrane.

29
Q

Why cells are microvilli found in?

A

Cells lining the small intestine.

30
Q

What does microvilli makes?

A

Large surface area which increase the rate of absorption across the membrane.

31
Q

What is 5e role of the flagellum?

A

Move the cell forwards.

32
Q

What extra structures are in the plant cell?

A

SER
Golgi apparatus
Plasmodesmata
RER
Nuclear envelope.

33
Q

In. Plant cell what is the membrane around the vacuole called?

A

Tonoplast

34
Q

Function of plasma membrane?

A

Regulates movement of substances in and out of the cell.
Receptor Kole uses which allows it to respond to chemicals

35
Q

Function of cell wall?

A

Support plant cells

36
Q

Function of nucleus?

A

Co tells cell activity
DNA contains instructions for proteins
Pores allow substances to move between nculeay and cytoplasms.
Nucleus . Makes ribosomes.

37
Q

Function of ribosomes?

A

Site where proteins are made

38
Q

Function of RER?

A

Folds and processes proteins that have been made at the ribosomes.

39
Q

Function of SER?

A

Synthesis and processes of lipids.

40
Q

Function of vesicle?

A

Yea slots substances in and out of cell and between organelles.
Some formed by Golgi apparatus or endiplasyic reticulum whilst some formed at cell surfce

41
Q

Function of lysosomes?

A

Digestive enzymes. Kept separate from cytoplasm by surround membrane
Use to digest invading cells or break down worn out component of the cell nodules

42
Q

Function of Golgi apparatus?

A

Processes and packages new lipids and proteins it Lao make lysosomes.

43
Q

Function of mitochondria?

A

Aerobic respiration ATP produced.
Large numbers very active require and lot of energy

44
Q

Function of chloroplast?

A

Photosynthesis
Parts happen in the grana some in stroma- thick fluid

45
Q

Function of centriole?

A

Involved with separation of Chromosomes during cell division

46
Q

How are centrioles arranged and what is that arrangement called?

A

One pair in each cell. Arranged at right angles to each other.
Centrosome.

47
Q

Function of cilia?

A

Microtubules allow the cilia to move.
Movement is used by cell to move substances during cell surface.

48
Q

What is the arrangement of cilia?

A

9 + 2

49
Q

Function of flagellum?

A

Microtubules contract to me the flagellum move
Are used outboard like motors to propel cell forwards

50
Q

Cytoskeleton: what is it?

A

Network of protein threads running through cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.

51
Q

Cytoskeleton: what are the protein threads made from?

A

Mixture of microfiliaments, Microtubules and intermediate fibres.

52
Q

Cytoskeleton: microfiliaments- what is it made from?

A

Actin

53
Q

Cytoskeleton: microfilaments- what is the size of each one?

A

7nm

54
Q

Cytoskeleton: microfilaments- what is its function?

A

Support and mechanical strength to a cell to keep its shape.
Whole cell to move.
Split cell into 2 daughter cells at the end of mitosis.

55
Q

Cytoskeleton: Microtubules- what is it made up from?

A

Tubulin

56
Q

Cytoskeleton: Microtubules- why is the size of each one?

A

18-30nm

57
Q

Cytoskeleton: Microtubules- what is the function of them?

A

Move organelles through cytoplasm from one part to another.
Form a track for organelles and vesicles to move along.
Shape and support
Make up spindle needed for chromosomes movement during mitosis/ meiosis.
Make up cilia, flagella and centrioles

58
Q

Cytoskeleton: intermediate fibres- why do these make up?

A

Variety of proteins

59
Q

Cytoskeleton: intermediate fibres- how wide are they?

A

10nm

60
Q

Cytoskeleton: intermediate fibres- what do they do in the cytoplasm?

A

Anchor the nucleus.

61
Q

Cytoskeleton: intermediate fibres- what do they extend between and what is the point of it?

A

Between cells helping anchor cells in place together on a basement membrane stabilising the structure of tissues.

A Level Biology OCRA (7 decks)

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