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Biology > Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

For diabetic patients; can be synthesized by bacteria that have undergone recombinant DNA

A

Insulin

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2
Q

The final phase of translation where the amino acid chain is released from the ribosome

A

Termination

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3
Q

A gene mutation where a nucleotide is removed from a gene

A

Deletion

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4
Q

Bonds formed between the nitrogenous based in the DNA molecule

A

Hydrogen bond

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5
Q

RNA are ________-stranded

A

Single

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6
Q

Shape of a DNA molecule

A

Double-Helix

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7
Q

Any factor which causes a mutation

A

Mutagen

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8
Q

A gene mutation where one nucleotide is replaced by a different nucleotide

A

Substitutuion

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9
Q

DNA and RNA are both types of _______

A

Nucleic acid(s)

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10
Q

The type of RNA used in the ribosome during protein synthesis

A

rRNA

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11
Q

The process of DNA making copies of itself

A

Replication

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12
Q

The first phase of translation where the mRNA and first tRNA join up with the small ribosomal subunit

A

Initiation

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13
Q

DNA is typically found here in eukaryotic cells

A

The Nucleus

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14
Q

Many ribosomes can be translating a single mRNA strand at the same time. What is that unit called?

A

Polysome

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15
Q

The enzyme that adds nucleotides to the growing strand during transcription

A

RNApolymerase

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16
Q

A nitrogenous base with a double ring structure

A

Purine

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17
Q

Proteins that associate with DNA to form chromosomes

A

Histones

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18
Q

The enzyme that “unzips” the DNA strand during replication

A

Helicase

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19
Q

A dna subunit made up of three components

A

A Nucleotide

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20
Q

The three letter sequence on tRNA that is complimentary to an mRNA codon

A

Anticodon

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21
Q

The type of RNA that delivers amino acids to the ribosomes

A

tRNA

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22
Q

What occurs when entire portions of chromosomes are removed

A

Deletion(s)

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23
Q

A change to the base pair sequence of a DNA molecule

A

A Mutation

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24
Q

A Chromosomal mutation where a piece of chromosome is “flipped”

A

Inversion

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25
Q

Proteins are made up of chains of _______ strung together

A

Amino Acids

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26
Q

The type of RNA that brings instructions from the DNA molecule to the ribosome

A

mRNA

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27
Q

DNA is made up of many repeating subunits and is therefore referred to as being a ______

A

Polymer

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28
Q

Replication of the DNA is considered to be a _______ process

A

Semi conservative

29
Q

The reading of an mRNA strand by a ribosome to make protein is called?

A

Translation

30
Q

UV light and x rays are examples of what kind of mutagens

A

Radiation mutagens

31
Q

A mutation that affects only one gene

A

Gene mutation

32
Q

HPV is an example of what kind of mutagen

A

Viral mutagen

33
Q

A gene mutation where a nucleotide is inserted into a gene

A

Addition

34
Q

A chromosomal mutation where a piece of one chromosome is inserted into another chromosome

A

Translocation

35
Q

RNA contains one nitrogenous base not found in DNA called

A

Uracil

36
Q

A nitrogenous base with a single ring structure

A

Pyrimidine

37
Q

Completed proteins are sent to the _______________ for final processing and packaging

A

Golgi apparatus

38
Q

Pesticides, cigarettes, benzene, and acetone are examples of what kind of mutagen

A

Chemical mutagen

39
Q

A chromosomal mutation where a portion of the chromosome repeats itself

A

Duplication mutation

40
Q

A mutagen that causes cancer

A

Carcinogen

41
Q

A mutation that occurs in the early gametes or early in the embryological development

A

Germinal mutation

42
Q

Bonds that form between amino acids

A

Peptide bonds

43
Q

The rule that states the number of pyrimidines will always be equal to that of the purines

A

Chargoff’s rule

44
Q

The type of pairing that states A goes to T and G goes to C

A

Complementary base pairing

45
Q

The amino acid chain is released from the ribosome when a stop codon signals for a ______ ________ to enter the ribosome

A

Release Factor

46
Q

A small, circular piece of DNA that can be used to transfer DNA from one species to another

A

A Plasmid

47
Q

A mutation that affects many genes because large portions of chromosomes are altered

A

Chromosomal mutation

48
Q

Something that can get DNA from one species to another

A

Vector

49
Q

addition and deletion mutations can cause devastating effects because they cause a ________ where all codons
downstream of the mutation are altered

A

Frameshift

50
Q

the enzyme that adds new DNA nucleotides to the growing strand during replication

A

DNAPolymerase

51
Q

the second phase of translation where the amino acid chain grows is called

A

Elongation

52
Q

strong ________ bonds form between the sugar and phosphates to form the backbone of the molecule

A

Covalent

53
Q

the three letter sequence on mRNA that codes for an amino acid

A

Codon

54
Q

mutation that occurs in cells after birth

A

Somatic mutation

55
Q

during transcription, the _______ strand of the DNA molecule is used to code for the mRNA molecule

A

Sense

56
Q

Germinal mutations occur

A

Early in embryonic development

57
Q

Which sugar is found in the nucleotides of DNA?

A

Deoxyribose

58
Q

Which nitrogenous bases from DNA are pyrimidines?

A

Cytosine and Thymine

59
Q

One gene on a chromosome is responsible for coding for one what?

A

Protein

60
Q

The shape of an RNA molecule is a

A

Straight, single strand

61
Q

mRNA is made by the enzyme

A

RNApolymerase

62
Q

The process of making an mRNA strand is called

A

Transcription

63
Q

One mRNA strand is produced from the information found in one

A

Gene

64
Q

The sugar-phosphate groups that make up the backbone of the RNA molecule are joined together by

A

Strong covalent bonds

65
Q

How many nitrogenous bases make up a single codon?

A

Three

66
Q

Translation occurs in / on which organelle in the cytoplasm?

A

Ribosome

67
Q

The process of synthesizing mRNA from DNA

A

Transcription

68
Q

The process of using the mRNA to assemble a protein

A

Translation

Biology (8 decks)

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