Biochemistry Flashcards
A polymer made of many amino acids joined together
Polypeptide
A fatty acid which has no double bonds between carbon atoms is called ________
Saturated (fatty acid)
A substance that helps break large fat droplets into small fat droplets to help mix with the water. Eg. Soap
An Emulsifier
A single stranded nucleic acid
RNA
This process breaks bonds between subunits in organic polymers
Hydrolysis
The carbohydrate that makes up the cell walls of plants
Cellulose
Another name for “fat”
Lipid
The storage form of carbohydrate in plants
Starch
Acidity is created by an excess of _____ ions in solution
Hydrogen
Heavy ________ can alter the 3D shape of a protein
Metals
A nucleotide is made up of a _______, a pentose, and a nitrogenous base
Phosphate
A PH above 7.0 is considered ________
Basic
This element, common in living organisms, can form up to four bonds with other substances
Carbon
Forms when two glucose molecules are joined together
Maltose
A nucleic acid in a double helix shape
DNA
________ bonds are strong
Covalent
A six carbon sugar
Hexose
The subunit which makes up nucleic acids
Nucleotide
A five carbon sugar
Pentose
This level of protein can either be an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet
Secondary
A PH below 7.0 is considered _______
Acidic
A carbohydrate made up of many subunits
Polysaccharide
A fatty acid which contains at least one double bond between carbon atoms is called
Unsaturated (fatty acid)
This level of protein structure is the sequence of the amino acids that make up the protein
Primary
There are ________ different kinds of amino acids
20
Carbohydrates help provide us with _______
Energy
A special kind of nucleotide which is used to transmit energy within living organisms
ATP
Compounds which are made primarily made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are called ____________
Organic Compounds
A PH of 7.0 is considered _________
Neutral
A protein’s 3D shape is extremely important in order for it to _______ properly
Function
A type of lipid that makes up a significant portion of the cell membrane
Phospholipids
Water is a good solvent because it’s molecules are ________- having a slight positive and negative charge
Polar
A disaccharide formed when a glucose and fructose molecule join together
Sucrose
A carbohydrate made up of only one subunit
Monosaccharide
This process creates bonds between subunits in organic polymers
Dehydration synthesis
Excessive _______ can cause a protein to lose its 3D shape
Heat
The term for a protein losing its 3D shape
Denaturation
The subunit that makes up polypeptides (proteins)
Amino Acid(s)
A 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is a characteristic of what molecule
A Carbohydrate
A neutral acid that contained glycerol and only ONE fatty acid chain would be called a _________
Monoglyceride
A substance which helps hold the PH of a solution relatively constant is called a __________
A Buffer
The type of carbohydrate used in your cells
Glucose
A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a substance
PH
A carbohydrate made up of two subunits (or rings)
Disaccharide
Hydrogen bonds are ________ bonds
Weak
This level of protein structure occurs when two or more proteins join with each other to form a larger protein structure
Quaternary
A molecule made up of two amino acids joined together
Dipeptide
This level of protein occurs when the protein begins to fold in upon itself, creating a 3D shape
Tertiary
The storage form of carbohydrate in animals
Glycogen
Type of bond where two or more atoms share electrons
Covalent bond
Type of bond where there is a transfer of electrons
Ionic bond
A type of bond between a hydrogen atom and a highly electromagnetic atom
Hydrogen bond
A molecule that plays a central role in energy storage and transfer processes between cells
ATP
Saccharides end in _____
ose
Alcohols end in ______
al
Carbon and hydrogen make an _______
Organic compound
A large molecule composed of repeating subunits
Polymer
Carbohydrates are made of _______
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Proteins are made of _______
Amino acids
Nucleic acids are made of _______
Nucleotides
Lipids are made of _________
Glycerol and fatty acids. Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with higher H than O
The storage form of carbohydrate in human cells
Glycogen
The type of carbohydrate used in human cells
Glucose
A short chain of amino acids joined together
Peptide
What is a saccharide
A simple sugar
This sequence of atoms is characteristic of an amino acid
N-C-C
Glucose + fructose =
Sucrose
Hydrogen is ______
Acidic
OH is _______
Alkaline
Protein functions
Structural: e.g. keratin (hair, nails)
•Enzymes: e.g. salivary amylase
•Hormones: e.g. insulin
•Blood proteins: e.g. hemoglobin
•Movement: e.g. actin & myosin (muscles)
•Antibodies: immunity
Lipid functions
Long term energy storage in adipose (fat) tissue
•Insulation: subcutaneous and around major organs|
•Structural: cell membranes
•Hormones: cholesterol, sex hormones
Carbohydrate functions
Energy production in the body (glucose is the energy source for cells)
•Energy storage (starch in plants, glycogen in animals)
•Structural (cellulose builds cell walls in plants)
•Cell membrane markers (receptors)
Nucleic acids function
Contains genetic code
