Protein Synthesis

Question 1

Coding Genes

Answer 1

Coding DNA sequences (genes) code for proteins - contain information for the production of proteins

Question 2

Transcription

Answer 2

uses template strand to create mRNA

Question 3

Step 1 of transcription

Answer 3

Initiation - RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region, breaks weak hydrogen bonds, unzipping proportion of DNA helix

Question 4

Step 2 of Transcription

Answer 4

Elongation - RNA Polymerase moves on template strand from 3’ to 5’ adding free floating nucleotides to mRNA according to the complementary base pairing rule but uracil pairs with adenine

Question 5

Step 3 of Transcription

Answer 5

Termantion - processes continues until termination stop codon UAA UGA UAG - pre-mRNA IS released and zips and twists itself back into a double helix

Question 6

Step 4 translation

Answer 6

Splicing - Introns are spliced out extrons are joined together, polyAtail added to end for stability and a methalatyed cap added to the other end

Question 7

Translation

Answer 7

Cytoplasm

Question 8

Step 1 of Translation

Answer 8

Infiltration - Methalated cap bind to the ribosome, short codon AUG signals tRNA molecules with anticodons to arrive

Question 9

Step 2 of Translation

Answer 9

Elongation - tRNA molecule bonds to the mRNA binding site, each tRNA molecule carries an amino acid specific to the codon. Polypeptide chain with polypetide bonds begin to form

Question 10

Step 3 of Translation

Answer 10

Termination - Elongation continues until a stop codon mRNA enters the ribosome UGA UAA UAG
the mRNA is released, polypeptide may join with another chain or fold to for structural or functional protein

Question 11

Enzymes and forms of RNA involved in protein synthesis

Answer 11

RNA Polymerase- separates strands, breaking weak hydrogen bonds and attaches free floating nucleotides

tRNA (transfer RNA) carries specific amino acid specific to the codon

Promoter - short codon AUG, signals tRNA molecules

mRNA - carries the sequence needed to synthesis the protein

Question 12

Structure of a protein

Answer 12

Built on monomers (amino acids)
The structure is vital to it’s function
Built from 20 different amino acids that are linked together by polypeptide chains determined by the sequence of mRNA connected by polypeptide bonds
Have different shapes of the active site determining the specially of the enzyme
Base triplets - 64 diff

Question 13

Example of a protein

Answer 13

Structural protein - Collagen - has the connective role in connective tissues of mammals
Functional protein - Enzymes, lipase, tryspin increase the rate of chemical reactions in cells

Question 14

Why are they essential to cell structure and function