Protein Structure and Function Flashcards
HB Type A
2 alpha and 2 beta chains
HB type A2
2 alpha and 2 delta chains
HB type F
two alpha and 2 gamma chains
HBf disappears by when
6 months
what weakens HBg grabs on O2
2,3 DPG
what drug wipeout the bone marrow and is used to treat Sickle Cell Anemia
hydroxyurea
pulse oximetry measures what
Sa02
ABG measures what
P02
when PaO2 is 60, saturation is
90%
when a muscle degenerates and creatine (CPK) leaks out what is it called?
myositis or polymiositis
common causes of myositis
hypothyroidism
Cushings
drugs that cause myositis
statins
steroids
rifampin
INH
infection that causes myositis
Trichenella Spiralis (raw bear ingestion)
when are blood cells made in the following?
- yolk sac
- liver, spleen, flat bone
- long bones
4 moths
6 months gestation
8 months gestation
if you lose long bones what organ can reopen to make RBC
the spleen
when a baby is hypoxic due to delivery and the blood increases and the spleen has to remove the excess blood cells and jaundice occurs, what is the condition called
polycythemia vera
starting substrate in heme pathway
succinyl-Coa
rate limiting enzyme in heme synthesis
delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase
last enzyme in Heme synthesis that adds iron to porphyrin rings
ferrochetolase
vitamin needed for heme synthesis
b6
AA needed for heme synthesis
glycine
anabolic things (synthesis) happened where
cytoplasm
catabolic things (breakdown) happen where
mitochondria
what buffer the hemoglobin from protons
histadine
decreased 02 saturation and normal pop is a marker for what two things
cyanide poisoning and methemoglobinemia
configurational change in HBg so that it cannot effectively bind to oxygen is seen in what condition t
cyanide posioing
tx for methemoglobinemia
methylene blue ( turns Fe3+ into FE2+)
drugs that cause metHBg
sulfa drugs
INH
metronidazole
anti-malarias
MCC of cyanide positing
sodium nitroprusside ( used for HTN crisis)
4 tx steps for cyanide poisoning
- give amyl nitrate (turns iron into Fe3+)
- give sodium thiosulfate (attaches to cyanide and pee out thiocyanate)
- give B12
- methylene blue
- transfuse
5 pathways that occur in both compartments
heme urea gluconeogenesis FA synthesis pyrimidine syhtnesis
good source of iron is where
MEAT
> 40 age cause of anemia
mucosal bleeding
20-40 age for anemia
IBD
drug given for iron deficiency anemia
ferrous sulphate
ferritin is stored in ?
mucosal cells
acute phase reactant that inhibits transferrin from binding to iron
hepcidin
low TIBC
chronic disease iron deficiency anemia
high TIBC
iron deficiency anemia (intake)
lead inhibits what two enzymes in the Heme synthesis pathway
delta ALA dehydrates and ferrochetolase
why is basophilic stippling seen in lead poisoning
because of the porphyrin rings sticking to the blood vessels
what is it called when you cannot add iron to the porphyrin rings
lead poising
what test will be elevated in lead poisoning
Free Erythrocyte Protoporphyrins
oral drug used to treat lead poisoning if the level is around 10
Succimer
normal level of lead in body
what challenge can be done for patients with lead posing over 30 that will administer calcium and get ride of everything 2+ (aka chelator) so it will get rid of lead (pb2+)
CA-EDTA
what drug pulls lead out of plasma?
penecillamine
what drug pulls lead out of the bone marrow
dimercaprol (BAL)
6 drugs that cause Drug Induced Lupus
Hydrazine INH Procainamide Phenytoin Penicilamine Ethusuximide
red urine with a negative reading of RBC in dipstick is a sign of what in the system
excess porphyrin rings (porphyria)
autosomal dominant condition where the visceral organs and the neurons are crowded with porphyrin rings presenting with severe abdominal pain and nerupoathy?
Acute Intermittent Porphyria
4 things to administer to people with Acute Intermittent Porphyria
- opiate for pain
- glucose to conjugate the bilirubin
- give isotonic fluids to flush porphyrins out
what is the drug given to people with Acute Intermittent Porphyria that blocks the enzyme delta ala synthetase so porphyrin isn’t made
Hemantin
condition where skin burns in contact with the sun and the child burns due to porphyrin in skin
Erythrocytic Protoporphyria
Erythrocytic Protoporphyria commonly die form what
skin infections with S. Aureus
pinpoint pupils are a key indication of
opitate use
3 main actions of opiates
CNS depressant
muscle relaxent ( smooth muscle)
analgesic
what is stimulated by opiates that causes the pinpoint pupils
Edinger-Westphal nucleus CN 3
receptors for opiates
Mu-brain
Kappa-spinal cord
what is formication
seen in alcohol withdrawal the sensation of insects crawling in your body seen in ALCOHOLISM WITHDRAWAL and COCAINE WITHDRAWAL
what is the most abused opiate on the streets
heroin
what opiate is long acting and has a lower chance of withdrawal
methadone
potent opiate that is used for anesthesia
fentanyl
IV treatment for opiate overdose
naloxone
oral treatment for opiate overdose
naltrexone
substitution of valine for glutamic acid at position 6 on the beta chain
sickle cell anemia
most common virus to cause aplastic anemia
parvovirus B 19
nuclear remnants that get removed from old RBC in spleen
Howell Jolly Bodies
three common encapsulated organisms removed by the spleen
s. pneumo
hib
meningococcus
which kind of sickle cell is usually asymptomatic
Hbg AS
substitution of lysine for glutamic acid at position 6 of the beta chain
Hbg C
