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V - KCU - MCM (T2) - OMS1 > Protein Pathway Supplement (2) > Flashcards

Protein Pathway Supplement (2) Flashcards

1
Q

Three stop codons

A

UAA
UAG
UGA

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2
Q

How many codons code for the 20 known amino acids

A

61

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3
Q

What is on the 5’ cap of mRNA

What is on the 3’ tail of mRNA

A 
A 7-methylguanosine 
A Poly(A) tail
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4
Q

What is the general structure of tRNA

A

A cloverleaf with two distinct regions of unpaired nucleotides

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5
Q

Anticodon loop

A

A set of three consecutive nucleotides that paid with a complementary codon in mRNA

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6
Q

What is an aminoacyl tRNA

A

A complex of tRNA with amino acid

The AA needs to be activated by aminoacyl tRNA synthetases

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7
Q

Two step process for activation of amino acids

A
  1. Aminoacyl tRNA synthase catalyzes AMP to COOH end of AA

2. AA transferred to cognate tRNA

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8
Q

Why is it relevant that the structures of prokaryotic ribosomes and eukaryotic ribosomes are different

A

We can target prokaryotic ones with antibiotics

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9
Q

Describe the A site, P site, and E site

A

Where mRNA codon is exposed to receive aminoacyl tRNA

Where aminoacyl tRNA is attached

Location occupied by empty tRNA before exiting ribosome

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10
Q

What direction does translation occur

A

5 - 3

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11
Q

Three steps of translation

A
  1. Initiation - formation of mRNA, small ribosomal subunit and initiator tRNA pre-initiation complex
  2. Elongation - activated AA attached to initiating Met by forming a peptide bond
  3. Termination - peptide chain is release from ribosomal complex
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12
Q

Translation begins with what

A

AUG (methionine)

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13
Q

What in eukaryotes determines the reading frame for the whole sequence

A

5’, 3’ poly(A), kozak sequence, and the ATP dependent mRNA scan

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14
Q

The activated AA is attached to initiating methionine how

A

Via a peptide bond

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15
Q

What three steps involve elongating the peptide chain

A
  1. Loading of an amionacyl tRNA onto the ribosome
  2. Prior to loading, aminoacyl tRNA is attached to a GTP bound elongation factor
  3. Loading is accompanied by GTP hydrolysis
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16
Q

What enzyme catalyzes the formation of the peptide bond between AA in A and P sites

A

Peptidyl transferase

17
Q

How do RF’s work

A

Bind to A site and cleave the ester bond between C terminus of the polypeptide and the tRNA

18
Q

Describe the cytoplasmic pathway

A

Used for proteins destined for cytosol, mitochondria, mucleus, and peroxisomes

Protein synthesis begins and ends on free ribosomes in cytoplasm

19
Q

Describe the secretory pathway

A

Used by proteins destined for the ER, lysosomes, plasma membranes, or for secretion

Translation begins on free ribosomes but terminates on ribosomes sent to ER

20
Q

Proteins synthesized in cytoplasmic pathway have no what

A

No translocation signals

21
Q

Translocation sequences are recognized by what

A

Transporter in inner membrane (TIM)

Transporter in outer membrane (TOM)

22
Q

What is the signal sequence for ER Lumen proteins

A

KDEL

Lysine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, leucine

23
Q

What is the signal for lysosomal proteins

A

Mannose-6-phsophate

24
Q

What is the signal for membrane proteins

A

N-terminal apolar regions

25
Q

What is the signal for secretory proteins

A

Tryptophan domain

26
Q

Glycoproteins can be either what or what

A

O or N
O-Link - formed with the hydroxyl bond of Ser of Thr
N-Link - always with Asparagine

27
Q

Describe phosphorylation

A

Formaiton of an ester bond between phosphate and OH of amino acid through serine/threonine and tyrosine kinase

The phosphate is removed by phosphatases

Regulates enzyme activity and protein function

28
Q

How does glycosylation attach to a protein

A

O - linked - through an OH group

N - linked - through a CONH2 group (amide)

29
Q

How does phosphorylation attach to a protein

A

Through the formation of an ester bond between phosphate and the OH of the amino acid

30
Q

How do disulfide bonds attach to proteins

A

Through the formation of a thiol (SH) group of two cystine residues

31
Q

How does acetylation attach to proteins

A

Through Acetyl CoA

The histones are acetylated and deacetylated on their N-terminus Lysines

32
Q

Silent mutation

A

No change to the amino acid

33
Q

Missense mutation

A

Changes an amino acid within the protein

34
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

One or more nucleotides are deleted or inserted which causes a change in the codon sequence and alteration in the amino acid

V - KCU - MCM (T2) - OMS1 (16 decks)

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