Protein Metabolism: Amino Acid And Protein Synthesis

Question 1

What are the two sources of Amino Acids

Answer 1

1. Diet
   
   • Essential and non-essential amino acids
   • Nitrogen/amine-groups
2. Synthesis
   
   • Glucose
   • Citric Acid Cycle carbons from other pathways

Question 2

What is the body’s long term amino acid storage system

Answer 2

There isn’t one.

Question 3

What are the 7 precursors for amino acid synthesis?

Answer 3

1. 3-Phosphoglycerate
2. Phosphoenolpyruvate
3. Pyruvate
4. Ribose 5-phosphate
5. Erythrose 6-phosphate
6. Oxaloacetate
7. Alpha-Ketoglutarate

Question 4

Which of the precursors for amino acid synthesis come from glycolysis?

Answer 4

1. 3-Phosphoglycerate
2. Phosphoenolpyruvate
3. Pyruvate

Question 5

Which of the precursors for amino acid synthesis come from the pentose phosphate pathway?

Answer 5

4. Ribose 5-phosphate

5. Erythrose 6-phosphate

Question 6

Which of the precursors for amino acid synthesis come from the citric acid cycle?

Answer 6

6. Oxaloacetate

7. Alpha-Ketoglutarate

Question 7

How many of the 20 common amino acids are produced by humans?

Answer 7

11

Question 8

What is the primary form of DNA?

Answer 8

Primarily in Nucleosome form

Question 9

What percent of mammalian DNA actually encodes for proteins?

Answer 9

1.5%

Question 10

How many human genes?

Answer 10

Approx. 25,0000

Question 11

Describe Introns

Answer 11

Non-coding and spliced from mRNA

Question 12

Describe Exon

Answer 12

Encodes for amino acid sequence

Question 13

What are regulatory regions?

Answer 13

Areas from which transcription is initiated and regulated

Question 14

Describe Enhancer/Silencer

Answer 14

• Regulatory region

- Binding of proteins that promote or inhibit transcription

Question 15

Describe Promoter region

Answer 15

• Regulatory region

- Transcription factor and RNA polymerase binding

Question 16

What is a open reading frame

Answer 16

Amino acid encoding region containing introns and exons

Question 17

What are 2 transcription factors we have already mentioned in class?

Answer 17

• Elk 1 or 2 or something

- STAT

Question 18

What is UTR?

Answer 18

Untranslated regions necessary for RNA processing

Question 19

RNA Polymnerase 1 does. What?

Answer 19

Synthesizes ribosomal rRNA

Question 20

What does RNA Polymerase 2 do?

Answer 20

Synthesizes messenger RNA (mRNA)

Question 21

What does RNA polymerase 3 do?

Answer 21

Synthesizes transfer RNA (tRNA)

Question 22

What are the 3 RNA processing steps?

Answer 22

1. Addition of 5’ cap
2. Intron Splicing
3. Addition of a poly (A) tail

Question 23

What process occurs independent of RNA Polymerase?

Answer 23

Poly A addition to mRNA

Question 24

Which are the Non-Essential amino acids?

Answer 24

G - glutamate
A - Alanine
A - Asparagine
A - Aspartate
S - Serine

Question 25

Which are the conditionally essential amino acids?

Answer 25

``` T - tyrosine A - arginine P - proline C - cysteine G - glutamine G - glycine ```

Question 26

Which are the essential amino acids?

Answer 26

``` H - histidine I - isoleucine L - leucine L - lysine M - methionine P - phenylalanine T - threonine T - tryptophan V - valine ```

Question 27

Which amino acids can alpha-ketoglutarate be a precursor for??

Answer 27

1. Glutamate 2. Glutamine 3. Proline 4. Arginine

Question 28

Which amino acids can pyruvate be a precursor for?

Answer 28

1. Alanine 2. Valine* 3. Leucine* 4. Isoleucine*

Question 29

Which amino acids can 3-Phosphoglycerate be a precursor for?

Answer 29

1. Serine 2. Glycine 3. Cysteine

Question 30

Which amino acids can oxaloacetate be a precursor for?

Answer 30

1. Aspartate 2. Asparagine 3. Methionine* 4. Threonine* 5. Lysine*

Question 31

Which amino acids can Phosphoenolpyruvate and erythrose 4-phosphate be a precursor for?

Answer 31

1. Tryptophan* 2. Phenylalanine* 3. Tyrosine*

Question 32

Which amino acids can ribose 5-phosphate be a precursor for?

Answer 32

1. Histidine*