Biochemical Rxns & Energetics

Question 1

In order of least to most oxidized what are the common oxidation states of carbon?

Answer 1

1. Alkane
2. Alcohol
3. Aldehyde (ketone)
4. Carboxylic Acid
5. Carbon Dioxide

Question 2

What are common types of group transfers and what enzymes perform them?

Answer 2

1. Phosphorylation: Kinase
2. Ubiquitination: Ubiquitin Ligase
3. Acetylation: Acetyl Transferase
4. Methylation: Methyl Transferase
5. Hydroxylation: Hydroxylase

Question 3

What are the 4 ways to transfer electrons?

Answer 3

1. Direct electron transfer
2. Hydrogen atom transfer
3. Hydride ions
4. Combination with oxygen

Question 4

Define REDOX reactions

Answer 4

Paired reactions that move electrons to perform work

Question 5

What are the 5 types of common biochemical reactions?

Answer 5

1. Making and breaking carbon bonds
2. Molecular Re-arrangements
3. Free Radical reactions
4. Group Transfers
5. REDOX reactions

Question 6

What are ways to make or break carbon bonds?

Answer 6

1. Condensation
   
   • Aldo
   • Claine
2. Decarboxylation/carboxylation
   
   • Decarboxylation of Beta-Leto acid

Question 7

What is a free radical?

Answer 7

A molecule containing unpaired electrons

Question 8

What process in our body produces the free radical superoxide?

Answer 8

Dopamine Quinone formation

Question 9

What enzyme in our body helps to break down superoxide and prevent potentially harmful affects of those free radicals?

Answer 9

Superoxide Dismutase

Question 10

T/F Vitamin E has Antioxidant Functions

Answer 10

True

Question 11

Why does the cell maintain a high ATP:ADP ratio?

Answer 11

It shifts the equilibrium which causes ATP breakdown to be more spontaneous (more negative Delta G) which makes it release more energy

Question 12

What enzyme takes L-Malate to Oxaloacetate and what is produced?

Answer 12

Malate dehydrogenase
NADH
Delta G is 29.7 KJ/mol