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**Biochemistry > Biosignaling and Carbohydrate Metabolism > Flashcards

Biosignaling and Carbohydrate Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 6 requirements for effective signal transduction.

A
  1. Specificity
  2. Amplification
  3. Modularity
  4. Integration
  5. Feedback
  6. Fidelity
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2
Q

Name the 4 components of signal transduction

A
  1. Signal
  2. Receptor
  3. Transduction pathways
  4. Targets
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3
Q

What are thee 3 different types of signals?

A
  1. Soluble
  2. Linked
  3. Physical
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4
Q

What are examples of Soluble signals?

A
  1. Proteins & Amino Acids
  2. Lipids & Fatty Acids
    • Ceramide
    • Testosterone
  3. Carbohydrates
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5
Q

What is an example of a linked signal

A

Integrin

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6
Q

What are some examples of physical receptors?

A
  1. Mechanical
  2. Light
    • Opsin
  3. Temperature
    • TRP channels
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7
Q

Name the 7 Receptor families

A
  1. G-Protein Coupled
  2. Receptor Tyrosine Kinase
  3. Receptor Guanylyl Cyclades
  4. Ligand Gated Ion channels
  5. Adhesion
  6. Nuclear
  7. Cytokine
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8
Q

Describe G protein coupled Receptors

A

External ligand binding to receptor activates an intracellular GTP-binding protein (G), which regulates an enzyme that generates an intra cellular second messenger.

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9
Q

Describe receptor tyrosine kinase

A

Ligand binding activates tyrosine kinase activity by autophosphorylation

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10
Q

Describe Receptor guanylyl cyclase

A

ligand binding to extra cellular domain stimulates formation of 2nd messenger cyclic GMP

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11
Q

Describe Gated ion channels

A

Opens or closes in response to concentration of signal ligand or membrane potential

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12
Q

Describe Adhesion receptor (integrin)

A

Binds molecules in extracellular matrix, changes conformation, thus altering its interaction with cytoskeleton

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13
Q

What are the cytokine receptor families?

A
  1. Interleukin Type 1
  2. Interleukin type 2
  3. TNFR (tumor necrosis factor receptor)
  4. Ig family
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14
Q

What cytokine receptor families activate JAK/STAT pathway?

A
  1. Interleukin type 1

2. Interleukin type 2

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15
Q

What cytokine receptor families activate PI3K/AKT pathway?

A
  1. Interleukin type 1

2. Interleukin type 2

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16
Q

What cytokine receptor families activate MAPK pathway?

A
  1. Interleukin type 1
  2. Interleukin type 2
  3. TNFR
  4. Ig family
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17
Q

What cytokine receptor families activate NFkB pathway ?

A
  1. TNFR

2. Ig Family

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18
Q

What 4 pathways are activate via cytokine receptor families?

A
  1. JAK/STAT
  2. PI3K/AKT
  3. MAPK
  4. NFkB
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19
Q

What are the 4 major roles that the plasma membrane plays in signaling?

A
  1. Receptor localization
  2. Ligand exposure
  3. Signaling complex formation
  4. Endocytosis
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20
Q

What are two examples of signal complexes made by plasma membranes?

A
  1. Protein Scaffolds

2. Signaling endosomes

21
Q

name the 2 types of lipid rafts involved in signaling

A
  1. Planar

2. Caveolar

22
Q

What roles can lipid rafts play in signaling?

A
  1. Signal promotion by organizing receptors and effectors to promote signaling
  2. Signal inhibition by separating signaling components
23
Q

What proteins are critical for the endocytic pathway?

A

Rab GTPase proteins

24
Q

T/F pH decreases along endocytic pathway

A

True

25
Q

What are 3 ways the endocytic pathway regulates signaling?

A
  1. Downregulation
  2. Maintenance
  3. Signal Generation
26
Q

What is the pathway of signal transduction?

A
  1. 1st messenger
  2. Receptor
  3. Signal transducer
  4. Primary effector
  5. 2nd messenger
  6. 2ndary effector
  7. Signaling cascade
27
Q

What are three examples in which chemical reactions transfer information ?

A
  1. Complex formation or dissociation
  2. Structural change
  3. Post-translational modification
28
Q

Name several prevalent post translational modifications

A
  1. Phosphorylation
  2. Ubiquitination
  3. Glycosylation
  4. Oxidation
  5. Methylation
  6. Acetylation
  7. SUMOylation
29
Q

Name some common signaling cascades (4 of them)

A
  1. Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase (MAPK)
  2. Janus Kinase - Signal Tranducer and Activator of Transcription (JAK/STAT)
  3. Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3K)
  4. Phospholipase C (PLC)
30
Q

PLC splits PIP2 into 2 things. What are they?

A
  1. IP3

2. DAG

31
Q

Name some common targets of signaling pathways and what is affected by the signal

A
  1. Nucleus: Transcription, cell division
  2. Actin/Tubulin/Filaments: Cell structure and motility
  3. Enzymes: Initiate metabolic pathways
  4. Receptors: Alter signal transduction
  5. Transporters: change intracellular environment
  6. Ion channels: change membrane potential
32
Q

What are two of the most relevant signaling pathways and what do they affect?

A
  1. Epinephrine Signaling: affects vascular tone

2. Insulin signaling: Regulates cellular division and metabolic processes

33
Q

What signaling cascades are used by Epinephrine signaling?

A
  1. G-protein

2. PLC

34
Q

What signaling pathways are used by Insulin signaling?

A
  1. RTK
  2. MAPK
  3. PI3K
35
Q

T/F Epinephrine is coadministered with local anesthetic

A

True

36
Q

What are some functions of insulin signaling pathway?

A

-Transports glucose into cells, alters blood sugar, enables aerobic respiration

37
Q

What are the key cell types that regulate Metabolic pathways?

A
  1. Pancreas: Islet cells
  2. Liver: Hepatocyte
  3. Muscle: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
  4. Adipose Tissue: Adipocyte
38
Q

What is the metabolic function of hepatocytes in the liver?

A

Maintain metabolic homeostasis by normalizing blood glucose, storing glycogen, and synthesizing and degrading glycogen, glucose, fatty acids, nucleic acids, proteins and ketones

39
Q

Name the key regulator molecules of metabolism?

A
  1. Insulin
  2. Glucagon
  3. Epinephrine
  4. Glucose
  5. ATP/AMP
40
Q

What are the 4 fates of glucose?

A
  1. Source of ATP
  2. Energy Storage
  3. Molecule Precursor
  4. Structural Backbone
41
Q

T/F Glucose 6-Phosphatase is only found in the ER of the liver

A

True

42
Q

What causes Glycogen synthase to be activated again?

A
  1. Insulin
  2. Glucose 6-phosphate
  3. Glucose
43
Q

What prevents Glycogen synthase from becoming reactivated?

A
  1. Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 activity

2. Glucagon and Epinephrine

44
Q

What causes glycogen phosphorylase to go from inactive to active and what is the enzyme that helps?

A
  1. glucagon
  2. Epinephrine (high Ca2+ and AMP)

Enzyme:
Phosphorylase Kinase

45
Q

What is the enzyme that deactivates Glycogen Phosphorylase and where else does this enzyme function?

A

Phosphorylase a phosphatase (PP1)

** it also dephosphorylates glycogen synthase

46
Q

What does insulin activate in response to high blood sugar?

A
  1. GLUTs
  2. Hexokinase
  3. Glycogen synthase
47
Q

What serves to activate and inhibit PFK-1?

A

ACTIVATE:

  1. ADP
  2. AMP

INHIBIT:

  1. ATP
  2. Citrate
48
Q

What serves to inhibit FBPase-1?

A

AMP

49
Q

Presence of Acetyl CoA will activate ____________ while deactivating ___________

A
  1. Pyruvate Carboxylase

2. Pyruvate Dehydrogenase complex

**Biochemistry (6 decks)

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