Intro To Immunology Flashcards
Define the immune system
Disparate set of organs and tissues that interact to protect the body from foreign pathogens and dysfunctional self cells
Define a pathogen
An organism that has the potential to cause disease
Name the 5 classes of pathogens
- Bacteria
- Viruses
- Fungi
- Protozoa
- Parasites
Name the 5 roles of the immune system
- Kill or control pathogens
- Control disease
- Repair tissue damage
- Organ development
- Maintain organ integrity and function
What is Variolation
- The first practice to provide immunity
- Powdered small pox tissue inhaled or rubbed into scratches on the skin
- Widely practiced in 16th century China
- Introduced to Britain by Lady Montagu in 1721
Who developed vaccination and when?
Edward Jenner in 1796
- Cowpox exposure prevented smallpox
- Substantially safer than variolation/inoculation
When was the practice of vaccination expanded?
In 1865 when Louis Pasteur and Emile Roux developed the rabies vaccine
Vaccines are the most successful development in public health to date. T/F
True
Name the physical barriers of the immune system
Skin and mucosal surfaces
Name the Endogenous antimicrobial properties properties associated with barriers of immune system (skin, gut, etc)?
- Sebum
- Low pH
- Commensal organisms
Name 3 common effector mechanisms by which the immune system destroys pathogens
- Phagocytosis
- Granule Release
- Targeted cell death
Name the difference between the Innate Immunity and Adaptive Immunity.
INNATE IMMUNITY:
- Rapid Response (hours)
- Fixed response
- Limited Pathogen Specificity
- Consistent response
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY:
- Slow response (days to weeks)
- Flexible response
- Very Selective
- Response improves with exposure
Which branch of the immune system retains a memory of previous infection?
Adaptive
Adaptive immune system requires an ________ _________.
Innate response
What are some examples of components of the innate immunity?
- Epithelial Barriers
- Phagocytes
- Dendritic cells
- Complement
- NK cells
What are some major components of the Adaptive Immunity?
- B lymphocytes
- Produce antibodies
- T Lymphocytes
- Lead to Effector T cells
What are some examples of immune cells displaying direct interaction?
- Phagocytosis
- pathogen internalization and destruction
- Immune Synapse
- T cell-mediated killing
What are some examples of immune cells demonstrating Indirect interaction?
- Cytokines
- Chemokines
- Cytotoxic
- Antibodies
What is a cytokine?
Molecule that activates and regulates immune function through cell-surface receptors
What are some examples of inflammatory cytokines?
IL-1
IL-6
IL-8
TNF-alpha
What are some examples of inhibitory cytokines?
IL-4
IL-10
IL-6
TGF-Beta
Define Chemokines
Molecules that attract immune cells to a region of the body
Give some examples of Chemokines
C, CC, CXC, CXXC Families
Define Cytotoxins
Molecules that interact with cells and pathogens to kill them
Give some examples of Cytotoxins
- Performing
- Granzyme
- TNF-alpha
Define Antibodies
Proteins targeted against specific pathogens to neutralize, remove, or kill
Describe the distribution of leukocytes in the blood
Neutrophil: 40-75%
Eosinophil: 1-6%
Basophil: < 1%
Monocytes: 2-10%
Lymphocyte: 20-50%
What do neutrophils do?
Engulf and kill microorganisms
Large reserves of neutrophils are stored in the _____ ________ and are released when needed to fight infection
Bone Marrow
Neutrophils travel to and enter the infected tissue, where they ________ and _______ bacteria. The Neutrophils _______ in the tissue and are engulfed and degraded by _____________
- Engulf
- Kill
- Die
- Macrophages
What are some distinguishing features of a Neutrophil cell?
- Multilobed Nucleus
- Granules
- Phagosome
What type of proteins are you likely going to find in a phagosome?
- Proteases
- Lipases
- DNAases
- RNAases
Components that are broken down by Phagosomes and such are the ________ that get presented to other immune cells
Antigens
Monocytes may differentiate into ________ and _________
- Dendritic Cells
2. Macrophages
Name some prevalent features of Monocytes
- Lysosome
- Nucleus
- Phagosome
Name some prevalent features of a Macrophage
- Phagosome
- Pseudopodia
- Phagosome
- Lysosome
- Phagolysosome
- Also a nucleus
Name some prevalent features of a dendritic cell
- Phagosome
- Processes
- Phagosome
- Lysosome
- Also a nucleus here
Binding of Bacteria to _________ ____________ on macrophages induces their engulfment and degradation
Phagocytic receptors
Binding of bacterial components to signaling receptors on macrophages induces the synthesis of ____________ ___________
Inflammatory Cytokines
Mast Cells, Basophils, and Eosinophils are all part of which department of the immune system?
Innate
Describe Mast cells
- Antimicrobial filled Granules (granulocyte)
- Release immune Mediators
- Prominent at tissue boundaries
Describe Basophils
- Granulocyte
- Target Parasites
- Incredibly rare; not well understood
Describe Eosinophils
- Granulocyte
2. Target helminth worms and intestinal parasites
B Cells, T Cells, and NK cells are part of which department of the immune system?
Adaptive
What drives B and T cell pathogen specificity?
Clonal Expansion
Which type of receptors bind antibodies?
Fc receptors
What Stimulates T cell receptors?
MHC class I and Class II
Describe the limits of pathogen targeting of B and T cells
Nearly infinite targeting of pathogens
What are 2 types of adaptive immunity and what differentiates them?
HUMORAL: antibody mediated
CELLULAR: mediated by cell-cell interactions
What is unique about NK cells
They have both innate and adaptive function
Name the 5 classes of antibodies along with a brief description
- IgG: Most abundant antibody
- IgM: First antibody produced and released
- IgA: Secreted from mucosal glands
- IgD: B cell surface antibody
- IgE: Basophil and mast cell surface antibody
Why are B cells and T cells named the way they are?
For where they mature.
B cells : Bone marrow
T cells: Thymus
How do T cells resolve pathogens?
Through direct Killing and immune support
What are the 2 classes of T cells?
- Cytotoxic (CD8) T cells
2. Helper (CD4) T cells
Describe the cytotoxic (CD8) T cells
They kill altered self cells
In an adult where are almost all of the immune cells in the body derived?
Bone marrow
Describe Helper (CD4) T cells
The support the functions of the immune system and other organ systems
- There are several subtypes
- They have a regulatory function
Immune cells develop at and respond from ________ ______
Lymphoid Organs
What are Primary Lymphoid organs?
Where immune cells develop
Such as:
- Bone marrow
- Thymus
What are secondary lymphoid organs?
Where adaptive responses initiate
Such as:
- Lymphoid system
- Right lymphatic duct
- Adenoids
- Lymph nodes
- Peyer’s patches
- Spleen
- Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
Myeloid propagation and B cell maturation happen where?
Bone Marrow
T cell maturation happens where?
Thymus
What are the 9 steps in the process of Pathogen Resolution?
- Injury/Pathogen Infiltration
- Resident immune cells respond
- Inflammatory response
- Innate pathogen targeting
- Pathogenic antigens presented in the lymph nodes
- Adaptive immunity initiated
- Ongoing immune response
- Pathogen destroyed or sequestered
- Memory cells formed
