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**Biochemistry > Intro To Immunology > Flashcards

Intro To Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Define the immune system

A

Disparate set of organs and tissues that interact to protect the body from foreign pathogens and dysfunctional self cells

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2
Q

Define a pathogen

A

An organism that has the potential to cause disease

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3
Q

Name the 5 classes of pathogens

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Viruses
  3. Fungi
  4. Protozoa
  5. Parasites
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4
Q

Name the 5 roles of the immune system

A
  1. Kill or control pathogens
  2. Control disease
  3. Repair tissue damage
  4. Organ development
  5. Maintain organ integrity and function
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5
Q

What is Variolation

A
  • The first practice to provide immunity
  • Powdered small pox tissue inhaled or rubbed into scratches on the skin
  • Widely practiced in 16th century China
  • Introduced to Britain by Lady Montagu in 1721
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6
Q

Who developed vaccination and when?

A

Edward Jenner in 1796

  • Cowpox exposure prevented smallpox
  • Substantially safer than variolation/inoculation
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7
Q

When was the practice of vaccination expanded?

A

In 1865 when Louis Pasteur and Emile Roux developed the rabies vaccine

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8
Q

Vaccines are the most successful development in public health to date. T/F

A

True

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9
Q

Name the physical barriers of the immune system

A

Skin and mucosal surfaces

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10
Q

Name the Endogenous antimicrobial properties properties associated with barriers of immune system (skin, gut, etc)?

A
  • Sebum
  • Low pH
  • Commensal organisms
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11
Q

Name 3 common effector mechanisms by which the immune system destroys pathogens

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Granule Release
  3. Targeted cell death
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12
Q

Name the difference between the Innate Immunity and Adaptive Immunity.

A

INNATE IMMUNITY:

  • Rapid Response (hours)
  • Fixed response
  • Limited Pathogen Specificity
  • Consistent response

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY:

  • Slow response (days to weeks)
  • Flexible response
  • Very Selective
  • Response improves with exposure
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13
Q

Which branch of the immune system retains a memory of previous infection?

A

Adaptive

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14
Q

Adaptive immune system requires an ________ _________.

A

Innate response

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15
Q

What are some examples of components of the innate immunity?

A
  1. Epithelial Barriers
  2. Phagocytes
  3. Dendritic cells
  4. Complement
  5. NK cells
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16
Q

What are some major components of the Adaptive Immunity?

A
  1. B lymphocytes
    • Produce antibodies
  2. T Lymphocytes
    • Lead to Effector T cells
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17
Q

What are some examples of immune cells displaying direct interaction?

A
  1. Phagocytosis
    • pathogen internalization and destruction
  2. Immune Synapse
    • T cell-mediated killing
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18
Q

What are some examples of immune cells demonstrating Indirect interaction?

A
  1. Cytokines
  2. Chemokines
  3. Cytotoxic
  4. Antibodies
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19
Q

What is a cytokine?

A

Molecule that activates and regulates immune function through cell-surface receptors

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20
Q

What are some examples of inflammatory cytokines?

A

IL-1
IL-6
IL-8
TNF-alpha

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21
Q

What are some examples of inhibitory cytokines?

A

IL-4
IL-10
IL-6
TGF-Beta

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22
Q

Define Chemokines

A

Molecules that attract immune cells to a region of the body

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23
Q

Give some examples of Chemokines

A

C, CC, CXC, CXXC Families

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24
Q

Define Cytotoxins

A

Molecules that interact with cells and pathogens to kill them

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25
Q

Give some examples of Cytotoxins

A
  1. Performing
  2. Granzyme
  3. TNF-alpha
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26
Q

Define Antibodies

A

Proteins targeted against specific pathogens to neutralize, remove, or kill

27
Q

Describe the distribution of leukocytes in the blood

A

Neutrophil: 40-75%

Eosinophil: 1-6%

Basophil: < 1%

Monocytes: 2-10%

Lymphocyte: 20-50%

28
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A

Engulf and kill microorganisms

29
Q

Large reserves of neutrophils are stored in the _____ ________ and are released when needed to fight infection

A

Bone Marrow

30
Q

Neutrophils travel to and enter the infected tissue, where they ________ and _______ bacteria. The Neutrophils _______ in the tissue and are engulfed and degraded by _____________

A
  1. Engulf
  2. Kill
  3. Die
  4. Macrophages
31
Q

What are some distinguishing features of a Neutrophil cell?

A
  1. Multilobed Nucleus
  2. Granules
  3. Phagosome
32
Q

What type of proteins are you likely going to find in a phagosome?

A
  • Proteases
  • Lipases
  • DNAases
  • RNAases
33
Q

Components that are broken down by Phagosomes and such are the ________ that get presented to other immune cells

A

Antigens

34
Q

Monocytes may differentiate into ________ and _________

A
  1. Dendritic Cells

2. Macrophages

35
Q

Name some prevalent features of Monocytes

A
  1. Lysosome
  2. Nucleus
  3. Phagosome
36
Q

Name some prevalent features of a Macrophage

A
  1. Phagosome
  2. Pseudopodia
  3. Phagosome
  4. Lysosome
  5. Phagolysosome
  6. Also a nucleus
37
Q

Name some prevalent features of a dendritic cell

A
  1. Phagosome
  2. Processes
  3. Phagosome
  4. Lysosome
  5. Also a nucleus here
38
Q

Binding of Bacteria to _________ ____________ on macrophages induces their engulfment and degradation

A

Phagocytic receptors

39
Q

Binding of bacterial components to signaling receptors on macrophages induces the synthesis of ____________ ___________

A

Inflammatory Cytokines

40
Q

Mast Cells, Basophils, and Eosinophils are all part of which department of the immune system?

A

Innate

41
Q

Describe Mast cells

A
  1. Antimicrobial filled Granules (granulocyte)
  2. Release immune Mediators
  3. Prominent at tissue boundaries
42
Q

Describe Basophils

A
  1. Granulocyte
  2. Target Parasites
  3. Incredibly rare; not well understood
43
Q

Describe Eosinophils

A
  1. Granulocyte

2. Target helminth worms and intestinal parasites

44
Q

B Cells, T Cells, and NK cells are part of which department of the immune system?

A

Adaptive

45
Q

What drives B and T cell pathogen specificity?

A

Clonal Expansion

46
Q

Which type of receptors bind antibodies?

A

Fc receptors

47
Q

What Stimulates T cell receptors?

A

MHC class I and Class II

48
Q

Describe the limits of pathogen targeting of B and T cells

A

Nearly infinite targeting of pathogens

49
Q

What are 2 types of adaptive immunity and what differentiates them?

A

HUMORAL: antibody mediated

CELLULAR: mediated by cell-cell interactions

50
Q

What is unique about NK cells

A

They have both innate and adaptive function

51
Q

Name the 5 classes of antibodies along with a brief description

A
  1. IgG: Most abundant antibody
  2. IgM: First antibody produced and released
  3. IgA: Secreted from mucosal glands
  4. IgD: B cell surface antibody
  5. IgE: Basophil and mast cell surface antibody
52
Q

Why are B cells and T cells named the way they are?

A

For where they mature.

B cells : Bone marrow
T cells: Thymus

53
Q

How do T cells resolve pathogens?

A

Through direct Killing and immune support

54
Q

What are the 2 classes of T cells?

A
  1. Cytotoxic (CD8) T cells

2. Helper (CD4) T cells

55
Q

Describe the cytotoxic (CD8) T cells

A

They kill altered self cells

56
Q

In an adult where are almost all of the immune cells in the body derived?

A

Bone marrow

57
Q

Describe Helper (CD4) T cells

A

The support the functions of the immune system and other organ systems

  • There are several subtypes
  • They have a regulatory function
58
Q

Immune cells develop at and respond from ________ ______

A

Lymphoid Organs

59
Q

What are Primary Lymphoid organs?

A

Where immune cells develop

Such as:

  1. Bone marrow
  2. Thymus
60
Q

What are secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Where adaptive responses initiate

Such as:

  1. Lymphoid system
    • Right lymphatic duct
    • Adenoids
    • Lymph nodes
    • Peyer’s patches
  2. Spleen
  3. Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
61
Q

Myeloid propagation and B cell maturation happen where?

A

Bone Marrow

62
Q

T cell maturation happens where?

A

Thymus

63
Q

What are the 9 steps in the process of Pathogen Resolution?

A
  1. Injury/Pathogen Infiltration
  2. Resident immune cells respond
  3. Inflammatory response
  4. Innate pathogen targeting
  5. Pathogenic antigens presented in the lymph nodes
  6. Adaptive immunity initiated
  7. Ongoing immune response
  8. Pathogen destroyed or sequestered
  9. Memory cells formed

**Biochemistry (6 decks)

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