protein and tumor markers Flashcards by HAN MAC

Proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids are the
three major biochemical compounds of
human metabolism. What is the element
that distinguishes proteins from carbohydrate and lipid compounds?
A. Carbon
B. Hydrogen
C. Oxygen
D. Nitrogen

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Proteins may become denatured when
subjected to mechanical agitation, heat,
or extreme chemical treatment. How are
proteins affected by denaturation?

A. Alteration in primary structure
B. Alteration in secondary structure
C. Alteration in tertiary structure
D. Increase in solubility

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What is the basis for the Kjeldahl technique for the determination of serum
total protein?
A. Quantification of peptide bonds
B. Determination of the refractive index of proteins
C. Ultraviolet light absorption by aromatic rings at 280 nm
D. Quantification of the nitrogen content of protein

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When quantifying serum total proteins, upon what is the intensity of the color produced in the biuret reaction dependent?
A. Molecular weight of the protein
B. Acidity of the medium
C. Number of peptide bonds
D. Nitrogen content of the protein

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Which of the following reagents can be
used to measure protein in cerebrospinal
fluid?
A. Biuret
B. Coomassie brilliant blue
C. Ponceau S
D. Bromcresol green

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Which disorder is not associated with an
elevated protein level in cerebrospinal
fluid?
A. Bacterial meningitis
B. Multiple sclerosis
C. Cerebral infarction
D. Hyperthyroidism

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Which term describes a congenital disorder that is characterized by a split in the albumin band when serum is subjected
to electrophoresis?
A. Analbuminemia
B. Anodic albuminemia
C. Prealbuminemia
D. Bisalbuminemia

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In what condition would an increased
level of serum albumin be expected?
A. Malnutrition
B. Acute inflammation
C. Dehydration
D. Renal disease

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Identification of which of the following
is useful in early stages of glomerular
dysfunction?
A. Microalbuminuria
B. Ketonuria
C. Hematuria
D. Urinary light chains

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Which of the following is a low-weight
protein that is found on the cell surfaces of
nucleated cells?
A. C-reactive protein
B. B2-Microglobulin
C. Ceruloplasmin
D. G^-Macroglobulin

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Which glycoprotein binds with hemoglobin
to facilitate the removal of hemoglobin by
the reticuloendothelial system?
A. Haptoglobin
B. Ceruloplasmin
C. cxpAntitrypsin
D. Fibrinogen

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In a healthy individual, which protein
fraction has the greatest concentration in
serum?
A. Alphai-globulin
B. Beta-globulin
C. Gamma-globulin
D. Albumin

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Which of the following is an anionic dye
that binds selectively with albumin?
A. Amido black
B. Ponceau S
C. Bromcresol green
D. Coomassie brilliant blue

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Which total protein method requires
copper sulfate, potassium iodide in
sodium hydroxide, and potassium sodium
tartrate in its reagent system?
A. Kjeldahl
B. Biuret
C. Folin-Ciocalteu
D. Ultraviolet absorption

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Which of the following plasma proteins is
not manufactured by the liver?
A. Albumin
B. Haptoglobin
C. Fibrinogen
D. IgG

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There are five immunoglobulin classes:
IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE. With which
globulin fraction do these immunoglobulins migrate electrophoretically?
A. Alphapglobulins
B. Alpha2-globulins
C. Betapglobulins
D. Gamma-globulins

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Of the five immunoglobulin classes, IgG is
the most structurally simple, consisting of
how many light chains/heavy chains,
respectively?
A. 5/2
B. 1/1
C. 2/5
D. 2/2

Which immunoglobulin class, characterized by its possession of a secretory
component, is found in saliva, tears,
and body secretions?
A. IgA
B. IgD
C. IgG
D. IgM

Which immunoglobulin class is able to cross
the placenta from the mother to the fetus?
A. IgA
B. IgD
C. IgE
D. IgG

Which of the following is an acute-phase
reactant protein able to inhibit enzymatic
proteolysis and having the highest
concentration of any of the plasma
proteolytic inhibitors?
A. C-reactive protein
B. Haptoglobin
C. a2-Macroglobulin
D. a1-Antitrypsin

Which of the following is a copper
transport protein that migrates as an
alpha2-globulin?
A. Ceruloplasmin
B. Haptoglobin
C. Transferrin
D. Fibrinogen

Which of the following proteins is
normally produced by the fetus but is
found in increased amounts in the
amniotic fluid in cases of spina bifida?
A. a1-Antitrypsin
B. ai-Acid glycoprotein
C. a1-Fetoprotein
D. a2-Macroglobulin

The physician is concerned that a pregnant
patient may be at risk for delivering prematurely. What would be the best biochemical marker to measure to assess the situation?
A. Inhibin A
B. a1-Fetoprotein
C. Fetal fibronectin
D. Human chorionic gonadotropin

Bence Jones proteinuria is a condition
characterized by the urinary excretion of
what type of light chain?
A. Kappa light chains
B. Lambda light chains
C. Both kappa and lambda light chains
D. Either kappa or lambda light chains

Which of the following is not characteristic of multiple myeloma? A. Monoclonal band in the gamma region B. Hypercalcemia C. Hyperalbuminemia D. Hyperglobulinemia

What technique is used to quantify specific immunoglobulin classes? A. Immunonephelometry B. Serum protein electrophoresis C. Isoelectric focusing D. Immunoelectrophoresis

Portal cirrhosis is a chronic disease of the liver. As observed on an electrophoretic serum protein pattern, what is a predominant characteristic of this disease? A. Monoclonal band in the gamma-globulin region B. Polyclonal band in the gamma-globulin region C. Bridging effect between the beta- and gamma-globulin bands D. Increase in the alpha2-globulin band

The abnormal metabolism of several of the amino acids has been linked with disorders classified as inborn errors of metabolism. What technique is used to differentiate among several different amino acids? A. Electrophoresis B. Microbiological analysis C. Enzyme immunoassay D. Chromatography

Serum protein electrophoresis is routinely performed on the serum obtained from a clotted blood specimen. If a plasma specimen is substituted for serum, how will the electrophoresis be affected? A. Electrophoresis cannot be performed because the anticoagulant will retard the mobilities of the protein fractions. B. Electrophoresis cannot be performed because the anticoagulant will cause migration of the protein fractions in the direction of the cathode. C. Electrophoresis will show an extra fraction in the beta-gamma region. D. Electrophoresis will show an extra fraction in the prealbumin area.

In serum protein electrophoresis, when a barbital buffer of pH 8.6 is employed, what protein fraction will migrate the fastest toward the anode? A. Albumin B. Alpha!-globulin C. Beta-globulin D. Gamma-globulin

In which of the following disorders would the maternal serum level of a1-fetoprotein not be elevated? A. Neural tube defect B. Spinabifida C. Fetal distress D. Down syndrome

A male patient, 48 years old, mentions during his annual physical that he has been having difficulty urinating. The physician performs a rectal examination, and he orders a total prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and free PSA. The patient has the tests done the following week, and the total PSA result is 3.1 ng/mL and the free PSA is 0.3 ng/mL. What do these results suggest? A. Both are normal, no disease present B. Benign prostatic hypertrophy C. Increased risk of prostate cancer D. Free PSA is low and does not correlate with total PSA

Which of the following is not associated with carcinoembryonic antigen? A. Increased levels seen with malignancies of the lungs B. Quantified by using capillary electrophoresis C. Used to monitor treatment of colon cancer D. Glycoprotein in nature

In cases of hepatoma, which protein not normally found in adult serum is synthesized by liver cells? A. a1-Acid glycoprotein B. a1-Fetoprotein C. a2-Macroglobulin D. Carcinoembryonic antigen

Which of the following is false about PSA? A. Serum quantified using immunoassays B. Single-chain glycoprotein C. Used as a tumor marker D. Not elevated in benign prostatic hyperplasia

Which of the following is an oncofetal antigen that is elevated in nonmucinous epithelial ovarian cancer? A. CA549 B. CA 125 C. CA 19-9 D. CA 15-3

Which of the following is a sialylated Lewis blood group antigen associated with colorectal carcinoma? A. CA 19-9 B. CA 15-3 C. CA549 D. CEA

Which of the following disorders is not associated with an elevation of serum a1-fetoprotein? A. Testicular germ cell tumors B. Prostatic carcinoma C. Pancreatic carcinoma D. Gastric carcinoma

Which of the following is not associated with human chorionic gonadotropin? A. (3 subunit confers immunogenic specificity B. Used to confirm pregnancy C. Used as a tumor marker D. Found in hepatoma

Although serum elevations are not generally seen in early stages, which of the following tumor markers are elevated in more advanced stages of breast cancer? A. CEA and AFP B. AFP and C A 125 C. PSA and CA 15-3 D. CA 15-3 and CA 549