Protein

Question 1

Why is protein important?

Answer 1

Mediate most of the actions of life –> critical to all life processes.

Question 2

What is dependent upon protein:

Answer 2

Structure and activity; growth, development, and continued maintenance of systemic tissues.

Question 3

Protein synthesis:

Answer 3

The body’s need for protein met trough food –> protein synthesis in the liver

Question 4

How many proteins must be synthesized to varry out the body’s activities?

Answer 4

50 000 different proteins.

Question 5

What is the most abundant protein in the body?

Answer 5

Collagen –> found in all connective tissues.

Question 6

What is enzymes?

Answer 6

Proteins that serve as chemical catalyst –> speeding up chemical reactions.

Question 7

What can transport proteins do?

Answer 7

Shuttle chemical elements, such as oxygen (haemoglobin) or store minerals, such as iron (ferritin)

Question 8

Why is antibodies important?

Answer 8

To maintain a healthy immune system.

Question 9

What is the main role of protein?

Answer 9

Tissue building

Question 10

What are protein made up of?

Answer 10

Amino acids

Question 11

Amino acid structure:

Answer 11

Amino group (NH2), acid group (COOH), central carbon (C), side chain

Question 12

Protein differ from:

Answer 12

Carbohydrates and fats –> presence of the amino groups.

Question 13

What does Amino Acids have?

Answer 13

Amino group, carboxyl group and R-group attached to the same carbon.

Question 14

What is Dipeptides

Answer 14

2.enzym: Aspartame (artifical sweetener)

Question 15

What is Tripeptides?

Answer 15

3.enzym: Glutathione (natural antioxidant)

Question 16

Short polypeptides?

Answer 16

Peptide hormones (glucagon)
Neurotransmitters (Substance)

Question 17

Large polypeptides?

Answer 17

Proteins

Question 18

Large proteins?

Answer 18

Dystrophin

Question 19

How does proteins differ?

Answer 19

Number, order or sequencing.

Question 20

How are the 20 amino acids categorized?

Answer 20

Required to be present in the diet or can be synthesized in the liver for other amino acids.

Question 21

How are amino acids termed?

Answer 21

Essential (indispensable) and non-essential (dispensable) amino acids.

Question 22

Protein structure: 4 levels

Answer 22

Primary, secondary, tertiary (3D) and quaternary

Question 23

Sequence of aa in peptide chain

Answer 23

Primary structure

Question 24

Folding/coiling of peptide chain: alfa - helix or beta-pleated sheet.

Answer 24

Secondary structure

Question 25

Peptide chain folds upon itself

Answer 25

Tertiary (3D) structure

Question 26

Folded peptide chains join together

Answer 26

Quanternary structure.

Question 27

What happens when protein is eaten as part of the diet.

Answer 27

It is not absorbed directly, but must be broken down into component amino acids.

Question 28

What is stage 1

Answer 28

Digestion in the mouth

Question 29

Where does digestion begins?

Answer 29

In the mouth with the moistening effect of saliva and the chewing by the teeth.

Question 30

What is secreted by parietal cells in the smomach lining?

Answer 30

Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

Question 31

Why is HCl secreted?

Answer 31

To denature the protein and provide an environment for digestion.

Question 32

What does chief cells in the stomach lining produce?

Answer 32

An inactive enzyme, pepsinogen.

Question 33

What does the acidic environment converts the pepsinogen to ?

Answer 33

The active protease (proteincleaving enzyme), pepsin.

Question 34

What breaks the polypeptide chain at numerous sites?

Answer 34

Pepsin

Question 35

Where does the breakdown of the polypeptides takes place?

Answer 35

In a small intestine

Question 36

What is absorbed by the small intestine?

Answer 36

Amino acids and short peptides

Question 37

Where is proteins transported when proteins are degraded to amino acids and absorbed into the bloodstream.

Answer 37

To the liver which is the site of amino acid synthesis.

Question 38

Why is a small percentage of amino acids broken down?

Answer 38

To provide energy

Question 39

Why are protein intake, maintenance, metabolism and losses are carefully regulated?

Answer 39

Because protein is so important.

Question 40

What is the name of the procedure where body proteins are degraded to amino acids and re-synthesized?

Answer 40

Protein turnover

Question 41

What is the average protein turnover in adult?

Answer 41

300-400 g per day

Question 42

What do we call food with high protein concentration?

Answer 42

"Protein foods"

Question 43

What is protein rich foods?

Answer 43

Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs and legumes.

Question 44

What do we call amino acid that are rapidly catabolised and the nitrogen is excreted as urea in the urine.

Answer 44

Surplus amino acids.

Question 45

What is defined as the protein source's ability to support growth?

Answer 45

Protein quality

Question 46

What do we call a protein that has all the essential amino acids present in proper proportions to substain growth?

Answer 46

A complete protein

Question 46

What do we call a protein that has all the essential amino acids present in proper proportions to substain growth?

Answer 46

A complete protein (high biological value)

Question 47

Example of a protein that are incomplete?

Answer 47

Plant based

Question 48

What do we call a protein that has high biological value?

Answer 48

Complete protein

Question 49

What do we call a protein that has low biological value?

Answer 49

Incomplete proteins

Question 50

What effects on calcium metabolism?

Answer 50

High-protein diets.

Question 51

What happens when protein increases in the diet.

Answer 51

Bone loss

Question 52

What effects on calcium metabolism

Answer 52

High-protein diets.

Question 53

What can excessive intake lead to?

Answer 53

Lead to deterioration of renal function in patients with chronic renal disease (stages 1-4)

Question 54

Who are at high risk of protein malnutrition (muscle loss)?

Answer 54

People that are chronically ill and elderly people.

Question 55

What is a serious concern for childern in developing countries.

Answer 55

Protein-energy malnutrition.

Question 56

Matrix protein of skin, bones and teeth

Answer 56

Collagen

Question 57

Oxygen transport

Answer 57

Haemoglobin

Question 58

Iron storage

Answer 58

Ferritin

Question 59

Catalyzes the breakdown of starch to sugar in the mouth

Answer 59

Salivary amylase

Question 60

Digest protein in the stomach

Answer 60

Pepsin

Question 61

A hormone that regulates uptake and storage of glucose

Answer 61

Insulin

Question 62

Found in salvia that neutralize foreign substance

Answer 62

IgA antibodies

Question 63

How much percent should calories come from fat?

Answer 63

30-33%

Question 64

How much percent saturated fat intake should be?

Answer 64

<10%

Question 65

Fat around the organs

Answer 65

Visceral fat

Question 66

What do not contain nitrogen?

Answer 66

Water, fat and carbohydrates