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Medical biochemistry > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What are lipids?

A

A compound that is souble in a ORGANIC solvent, but insoluble in water or hydrophobic.

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2
Q

What is the function of lipids?

A

Provision of energy, structure and cell signaling.

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3
Q

Function of lipids .2

A

Provide calories needed to meet the body’s energy needs.

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4
Q

Function of lipids .3

A

Source of essential fatty acids needed for cell membranes, skin, cardiovascular and brain health.

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5
Q

Why is phospholipids important?

A

Phospholipids are essential for the structure of cell membranes and form membrane of lipoproteins -> make transport of lipids in the blood possible.

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6
Q

Functions of lipids:

A

Maintain body temperature, absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K),

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7
Q

What is Adipose tissue?

A

The site of fat storage in the body –> excess triglycerides are stored –> needed for energy during fasting.

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8
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

Used to produce steroid hormones (oestrogens & androgens), bile acids, vitamin D and glucocorticoids (cortisol)

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9
Q

Types of Lipids?

A

Triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols.

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10
Q

What is triglycerides?

A

Composed of three fatty acids eterified to a glycerol backbone.

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11
Q

Fatty acid is a chain of..

A

methyl (CH3-) and carboxyl (-COOH) end

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12
Q

How are fatty acids characterized?

A

By their degree of saturation and length of the carbon chain.

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13
Q

Short chain?

A

2-6 carbons

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14
Q

Medium-chain?

A

7-14 carbons

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15
Q

Long-chain

A

> 14 carbons

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16
Q

Longer-chain

A

20-26 carbons

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17
Q

Example of organic solvent

A

Oil, alcohol and etanol.

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18
Q

DIffer in: Chain length (no.of carbons)

A

Higher melting point

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19
Q

Differ in: unsaturation (no. of double bonds)

A

Lower melting point

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20
Q

Differ in: position and geometry (cis or trans) of double bonds.

A

All health effects.

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21
Q

What does it mean when a fatty acid is saturated?

A

All the carbons in the chain have hydrogen atoms for each available bond –> no double bonds

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22
Q

What does it mean when a fatty acid is unsaturated?

A

Has at least ONE carbon missing a hydrogen atom –> causing a double bond to form.

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23
Q

What is essential fatty acid?

A

Fatty acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be consumed in the diet.

24
Q

Example of essential fatty acid?

A

Linoleic acid (18:2;w-6) and a-linolenic acid (18:3;w-3)

25
Q

What does phospholipid have?

A

Two fatty acids & phosphate group.

26
Q

What does phospholipids form?

A

Form a lipid bilayer –> key for the structure of cell memebranes

27
Q

The phospholipid head is…

A

Hydrophilic

28
Q

The 2 fatty acids are..

A

Hydrophobic

29
Q

Structure of sterols:

A

Four-membered ring

30
Q

The sterol in humans is?

A

Cholesterol

31
Q

Foods high in unsaturated fat:

A

Nuts, seeds, olives/olive oil and avocados

32
Q

Foods high in monounsaturated fat

A

Olive oil, almond, avocados

33
Q

Foods high in polyunsaturated fat

A

Nuts, seeds, vegetable oils, oily fish

34
Q

Where do we find TRANS unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Present in very small amount in dairy products

35
Q

How is trans fat created?

A

Hydrogenation –> double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids are changed from the cis to trans –> making vegetable oil into solid fat.

36
Q

Where do we find trans fat?

A

Margarines, snack foods and prepared desserts.

37
Q

How many percent of dietary fat is absorbed

A

90-95%

38
Q

What is absorbed direcly into the blood?

A

Glycerol and small-& medium - chain fatty acids.

39
Q

What is absorbed into the enterocytes?

A

Long-chain fatty acids, cholesterol and monoglycerides.

40
Q

What is not soluble in water?

A

Fat

41
Q

Lipid transport: how is triglycerides packaged?

A

Packed along with cholestrol and phospholipids into CHYLOMICRONS.

42
Q

How does chylomicrons transport triglycerides?

A

From the enterocyte to the muscle and adipose tissues.

43
Q

Lipid transport: What happens if the body is at rest?

A

Triglycerides are taken up by adipose tissue for storage.

44
Q

Lipid transport: What happens if the body is active?

A

Muscle tissue will oxidize fatty acids to provide energy –> Beta-oxidation

45
Q

How is lipoproteins classified?

A

By their density

46
Q

The density names:

A

VLDL (very low-density lipoproteins), LDL (low-density lipoproteins) and HDL (high-density lipoproteins)

47
Q

VLDL transport:

A

Triglycerides from the liver to the muscle & adipose tissue.

48
Q

LDL transport:

A

Cholestrol from the liver to body tissues.

49
Q

HDL transport:

A

Cholestrol from the tissues back to the liver.

50
Q

What is essential fatty- acid deficiency:

A

A issue that can arise from a severe restriction of fat intake.

51
Q

What cannot be synthesized by the human body?

A

The long-chain omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.

52
Q

What are the symptoms of deficiency?

A

Poor wound healing, visual problems, neuropathy, susceptibility to infection, decreased growth in children.

53
Q

The most prevalent outcome of excess caloric intake from fat

A

Obesity

54
Q

High fat intake and high saturated fat intake can cause:

A

various cancers (colorectal & breast cancer)

55
Q

Reduction in saturated fat intake can result in?

A

14% reduction in cardiovascular risk.

Medical biochemistry (9 decks)

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