Carbohydrates Flashcards
How many classes are nutrients divided into?
6 classes: carbohydrate, protein, fat, vitamines, minerals and water.
Nutrients that provides energy source for body work
Carbohydrate, protein and fat
Maintaining a constant internal environment
Water, minerals, protein and fat
Providing structural components for growth development and maintance of body tissues and fluids
Protein, fat and water.
Regulating metabolic processes
Carbohydrate, protein, fat, vitamins, minerals and water.
Non-essential nutrients
Nutrients that can be eliminated from the diet with no adverse health consequences.
Essential nutrients
Nutrients that the body cannot synthesize
How many essential nutrients?
45
What does provide energy to the body?
Carbohydrates, proteins and fats
What do not provide energy to the body?
Vitamines, minerals and water.
Does Alcohol provide energy to the body?
Yezyez
What does carbohydrate mean?
A class of nutrients ranging from simple sugars.
What is carbohydrate primary role?
Provide energy to the body.
Why are consumption of simple sugars which are added into many sweetened beverages and processed foods the primary reason for potensial impact on health?
Because when we digest sugar, enzymes in the small instetine break it down into glucose.
Glucose can be converted to..
Glycogen (glycogenesis) in muscle and the liver for storage.
Carbohydrates functions
Provide glucose –> the brain and the white and red blood cells rely as their sole source og energy.
Carbohydrate functions
Energy to facilitate body metabolism and control body temperature.
Why is protein “spared”
To be used for its primary role of tissue synthesis when fat in the diet meets energy needs.
What is ketone bodies?
When there is too little carbohydrate, products of fatty-acid metabolism.
What is the most abundant carbohydrate found in the nature?
Glucose (monosaccharide)
How is disaccharides formed?
By linking two monosaccharides together to form maltose, lactose and sucrose.
Example of sugar alcohols:
Sorbitol and mannitol (forms of glucose and fructose)
Sugars end with the suffix…
-ose
Digestive enzymes end with the suffix..
-ase
What is a “available” or “glycaemic” carbohydrate
Fraction of carbohydrate that can be digested by human enzymes. Absorbed and enters intermediary metabolism.
“Unavailable” or “non-glycaemic” carbohydrate
Digested by the gut microbiota.
What is “non-glycaemic” carbohydrate producing?
Short chain fatty acids, which are used as fuel for tissues.
What is the simplest carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides, glucose, fructose and galactose.
What are the final breakdown product of carbohydrate?
Glucose
What are glucose and monosaccharides known as?
Known as “simple sugars”
Where is glucose naturally?
In fruits and vegetables –> grapes, figs, tomatoes and apples.
Where can we find fructose?
Sweetest monosaccharides: Found in honey and many fruits.
Where is galactose found?
Found in dairy products.
How is disaccharides composed?
Two monosaccharides
Three major disaccharides is
Lactose, maltose & sucrose.
Food sources for sucrose:
sugar cane, sugar beets, maple sugar, fruits & vegetables.
Food sources for maltose:
Malt beverages and cereals. Malt liquor (strong lager), beer.
Food sources for lactose
Milk and related dairy product only.
What is polysaccharides
Composed of more than 10 sugar units linked toghether in different configurations.
What does the dietary of polysaccharides include?
It include starch & fibre.
What is starch?
Plant form of storage for polysaccharides
Where is starch found?
Found in 2 digestible form (amylose and amylopectin)
What is resistant starches?
Starches that are not digestible.
Example of resistant starch
Legumes.
What is Glycogen?
Animal storage form of glucose.
Where is Glycogen formed?
Formed in the liver through –> “glycogenesis”
Where is Glycogen stored?
Stored in the muscle and liver for utilization when the body needs energy.
Example of Sugar Alcohols (polyols)
Sorbitol, xylitol and mannitol.
Sources of Sugar Alcohols?
Plants and industrially produced.
How is Sugar Alcohols used in the food industry?
Used as sweeteners.
Where is sugar alcogols fermented?
By the microbiota in large intestine (2 kcals/g)
What is a important energy source for cells?
Carbohydrates
What regulate the concentration of blood glucose?
Homeostatic mechanisms.
What happens if glucose levels exceed the energy needs?
Insulin - secreted -> direct excess glucose to be stored as glycogen.
What happens when the body needs energy?
Glucagon is secreted –> stimulates the conversion of glycogen to glucose.
What happens when there is high levels of serum (blood) glucose (hyperglycaemia)
Diabetes mellitus
What does diabetes mellitus cause
Blindness, amputations, renal disease, premature deaths.
Symptoms of T1DM
Polydipsia (excessive thirst), polyphagia (excessive appetite) and polyuria (excessive urination)
Other symptoms of T1DM
Weight loss, dehydration and electrolyte disturbances.
