Carbohydrates

Question 1

How many classes are nutrients divided into?

Answer 1

6 classes: carbohydrate, protein, fat, vitamines, minerals and water.

Question 2

Nutrients that provides energy source for body work

Answer 2

Carbohydrate, protein and fat

Question 3

Maintaining a constant internal environment

Answer 3

Water, minerals, protein and fat

Question 4

Providing structural components for growth development and maintance of body tissues and fluids

Answer 4

Protein, fat and water.

Question 5

Regulating metabolic processes

Answer 5

Carbohydrate, protein, fat, vitamins, minerals and water.

Question 6

Non-essential nutrients

Answer 6

Nutrients that can be eliminated from the diet with no adverse health consequences.

Question 7

Essential nutrients

Answer 7

Nutrients that the body cannot synthesize

Question 8

How many essential nutrients?

Answer 8

45

Question 9

What does provide energy to the body?

Answer 9

Carbohydrates, proteins and fats

Question 10

What do not provide energy to the body?

Answer 10

Vitamines, minerals and water.

Question 11

Does Alcohol provide energy to the body?

Answer 11

Yezyez

Question 12

What does carbohydrate mean?

Answer 12

A class of nutrients ranging from simple sugars.

Question 13

What is carbohydrate primary role?

Answer 13

Provide energy to the body.

Question 14

Why are consumption of simple sugars which are added into many sweetened beverages and processed foods the primary reason for potensial impact on health?

Answer 14

Because when we digest sugar, enzymes in the small instetine break it down into glucose.

Question 15

Glucose can be converted to..

Answer 15

Glycogen (glycogenesis) in muscle and the liver for storage.

Question 16

Carbohydrates functions

Answer 16

Provide glucose –> the brain and the white and red blood cells rely as their sole source og energy.

Question 17

Carbohydrate functions

Answer 17

Energy to facilitate body metabolism and control body temperature.

Question 18

Why is protein “spared”

Answer 18

To be used for its primary role of tissue synthesis when fat in the diet meets energy needs.

Question 19

What is ketone bodies?

Answer 19

When there is too little carbohydrate, products of fatty-acid metabolism.

Question 20

What is the most abundant carbohydrate found in the nature?

Answer 20

Glucose (monosaccharide)

Question 21

How is disaccharides formed?

Answer 21

By linking two monosaccharides together to form maltose, lactose and sucrose.

Question 22

Example of sugar alcohols:

Answer 22

Sorbitol and mannitol (forms of glucose and fructose)

Question 23

Sugars end with the suffix…

Answer 23

-ose

Question 24

Digestive enzymes end with the suffix..

Answer 24

-ase

Question 25

What is a "available" or "glycaemic" carbohydrate

Answer 25

Fraction of carbohydrate that can be digested by human enzymes. Absorbed and enters intermediary metabolism.

Question 26

"Unavailable" or "non-glycaemic" carbohydrate

Answer 26

Digested by the gut microbiota.

Question 27

What is "non-glycaemic" carbohydrate producing?

Answer 27

Short chain fatty acids, which are used as fuel for tissues.

Question 28

What is the simplest carbohydrates?

Answer 28

Monosaccharides, glucose, fructose and galactose.

Question 29

What are the final breakdown product of carbohydrate?

Answer 29

Glucose

Question 30

What are glucose and monosaccharides known as?

Answer 30

Known as "simple sugars"

Question 31

Where is glucose naturally?

Answer 31

In fruits and vegetables --> grapes, figs, tomatoes and apples.

Question 32

Where can we find fructose?

Answer 32

Sweetest monosaccharides: Found in honey and many fruits.

Question 33

Where is galactose found?

Answer 33

Found in dairy products.

Question 34

How is disaccharides composed?

Answer 34

Two monosaccharides

Question 35

Three major disaccharides is

Answer 35

Lactose, maltose & sucrose.

Question 36

Food sources for sucrose:

Answer 36

sugar cane, sugar beets, maple sugar, fruits & vegetables.

Question 37

Food sources for maltose:

Answer 37

Malt beverages and cereals. Malt liquor (strong lager), beer.

Question 38

Food sources for lactose

Answer 38

Milk and related dairy product only.

Question 39

What is polysaccharides

Answer 39

Composed of more than 10 sugar units linked toghether in different configurations.

Question 40

What does the dietary of polysaccharides include?

Answer 40

It include starch & fibre.

Question 41

What is starch?

Answer 41

Plant form of storage for polysaccharides

Question 42

Where is starch found?

Answer 42

Found in 2 digestible form (amylose and amylopectin)

Question 43

What is resistant starches?

Answer 43

Starches that are not digestible.

Question 44

Example of resistant starch

Answer 44

Legumes.

Question 45

What is Glycogen?

Answer 45

Animal storage form of glucose.

Question 46

Where is Glycogen formed?

Answer 46

Formed in the liver through --> "glycogenesis"

Question 47

Where is Glycogen stored?

Answer 47

Stored in the muscle and liver for utilization when the body needs energy.

Question 48

Example of Sugar Alcohols (polyols)

Answer 48

Sorbitol, xylitol and mannitol.

Question 49

Sources of Sugar Alcohols?

Answer 49

Plants and industrially produced.

Question 50

How is Sugar Alcohols used in the food industry?

Answer 50

Used as sweeteners.

Question 51

Where is sugar alcogols fermented?

Answer 51

By the microbiota in large intestine (2 kcals/g)

Question 52

What is a important energy source for cells?

Answer 52

Carbohydrates

Question 53

What regulate the concentration of blood glucose?

Answer 53

Homeostatic mechanisms.

Question 54

What happens if glucose levels exceed the energy needs?

Answer 54

Insulin - secreted -> direct excess glucose to be stored as glycogen.

Question 55

What happens when the body needs energy?

Answer 55

Glucagon is secreted --> stimulates the conversion of glycogen to glucose.

Question 56

What happens when there is high levels of serum (blood) glucose (hyperglycaemia)

Answer 56

Diabetes mellitus

Question 57

What does diabetes mellitus cause

Answer 57

Blindness, amputations, renal disease, premature deaths.

Question 58

Symptoms of T1DM

Answer 58

Polydipsia (excessive thirst), polyphagia (excessive appetite) and polyuria (excessive urination)

Question 59

Other symptoms of T1DM

Answer 59

Weight loss, dehydration and electrolyte disturbances.