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Adv Nutrition Proteins > Protein 1 > Flashcards

Protein 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 conditionally indispensable amino acids

A 
Tyrosine
Cysteine
Proline
Arginine
Glutamine
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2
Q

What are the substrate(s) for tyrosine

A

Phenylalanine

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3
Q

What are the substrate(s) for cysteine

A

Methionine, serine

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4
Q

What are the substrate(s) for proline

A

Glutamate

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5
Q

What are the substrate(s) for arginine

A

Glutamine or glutamate, aspartate

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6
Q

What are the substrate(s) for glutamine

A

Glutamate, ammonia

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7
Q

What is primary structure

A

linear sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain

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8
Q

Secondary structure

A

formed through hydrogen bonds between backbone atoms

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9
Q

Tertiary structure

A

Describes the overall 3-D arrangement of amino acids within a protein

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10
Q

What is an important characteristic of tertiary structure

A

Determines the function of protein

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11
Q

Quaternary structure

A

3-D arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains

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12
Q

3 Examples of proteins with quaternary structure

A

Hemoglobin
Insulin receptor
Myosin

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13
Q

What are the two pathways for protein degradation

A

Autophagy-lysosomal

Ubiquitin-proteasome degradation

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14
Q

3 Characteristics of autophagy-lysosomal

A
  • Present in cytoplasm of cells
  • Less selective in targeting specific proteins for degradation
  • Degradation of whole cell organelles
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15
Q

2 Characteristics of ubiquitin-proteasome degradation

A
  • Present in nucleus and cytoplasm of cells

* Degradation of short-lived proteins

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16
Q

7 steps of ubiquitin-proteasome pathway

A
  1. Ubiquitin is activated by enzyme E1
  2. Activated ubiquitin is transferred from E1 to E2
  3. Ubiquitin is ligated to protein to be degraded (protein substrate) by E3
  4. Additional ubiquitin molecules are attached (usually 4 more for a total of 5 ubiquitins)
  5. Protein substrate is unfolded (ATP is required)
  6. Ubiquitin molecules are released for re-use as well as free amino acids
  7. Pro teases in the 26s proteasome breaks down protein substrate
17
Q

26S proteasome

A

Large multi subunit complex used in ubiquitin-proteasome pathway

18
Q

How do proteins enter the autophagy-lysosomal pathway

A

via endocytosis

19
Q

What are lysosomes

A

Cell organelles

20
Q

Where are lysosomes not found?

Where are they more abundant?

A

RBC

Liver cells

21
Q

What types of enzymes do lysosomes contain

A

endopeptidases and exopeptidases

cathepsins

22
Q

What are cathepsins

A

Enzymes that degrade proteins

23
Q

What do lysosomes need to function

And how is this achieved?

A

Acidic pH

Proton pump brings H in lysosomes from cytosol

24
Q

What are the 9 essential AA

A

Phenylalanine
Valine
Threonine

Tryptophan
Isoleucine
Methionine

Histidine
Leucine
Lysine

Adv Nutrition Proteins (9 decks)

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