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BDS2 PMHP > Protected characteristics > Flashcards

Protected characteristics Flashcards

1
Q

What act legally protects protected characteristics

A

equality act 2010

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2
Q

why was the equality act 2010 created

A

to protect individuals from unfair treatment and promotes a fair and more equal society

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3
Q

what are the 9 protected characteristics

A
  • age
  • disability
  • gender
  • gender reassignment
  • marriage/ civil partnership
  • pregnancy and maternity
  • race and ethnicity
  • religion and belief
  • sexual orientation
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4
Q

what’s the relevance to the 9 protected characteristics

A 
it's the law
can't discriminate
reasonable adjustments
colleagues/employees
patients
GDC standards
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5
Q

What GDC principle is protected characteristics relevant to

A
  1. put patient’s interests first
  2. 2- treat every patient with dignity and respect at all times
  3. 4- take a holistic and preventative approach to patient care which is appropriate to the individual patient
  4. 6- treat patients fairly, as individuals and without discrimination
  5. 9- find out about laws and regulations that affect your work and follow them
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6
Q

what does standard 1.6 state

A

you must not discriminate against patients on the grounds of:

  • age
  • disability
  • gender reassignment
  • marriage and civil partnership
  • pregnancy and maternity
  • race
  • religion or belief
  • sex
  • sexual orientation
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7
Q

how does age affect oral health

A

oral health is important at all ages
effects of poor oral health are cumulative over time
risk of oral health conditions change with age

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8
Q

how does being a child affect oral health

A
  • caries
  • reduced caries compared to 10 years ago but those who do have decay have lots
    dental extractions still most common reason for children to have GA
  • younger children dependent on parents/caregivers
  • older children more independence (food choices, oral hygiene)
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9
Q

how does being a young adult affect oral health

A

most have good oral health, those with decay more likely to have multiple teeth affected, periodontal health good

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10
Q

how does being an adult 45+ affect oral health

A

increased caries experience

  • <45 less likely to have had any fillings
  • 45-54 year old 97% had a filled tooth, with average 9.1 filled teeth
  • maintenance of previous restorations
  • increased levels of periodontal disease
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11
Q

how does being an older person affect oral health

A

falling edentulous rates

  • 64% aged 75 have some natural teeth
  • less coronal caries, but ++ root caries
  • periodontal disease
  • oral cancer risk increases with age
  • increased treatment complexity (previous restorative work, medical conditions, frailty, cognitive decline, dependence)
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12
Q

how does age affect the equality act in dentistry?

A

can a dentist refuse to treat a particular age group?
can a dentist see children on NHS terms but adults privately?
can oral health improvement target particular age groups?

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13
Q

under what conditions can you target interventions

A

can target interventions for people with a protected characteristic IF:

  • they are currently missing out on services
  • can show they have a different level of need
  • there is a tract record of disadvantage
  • low participation of this group
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14
Q

how are children targetted with dental care

A

high caries rates
high GA rates

early years = political priority
good oral health part of overall child wellbeing
establishing good oral health early on will influence later life

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15
Q

how are older adults targetted with dental care

A
  • dental attendance declines with age
  • older people less likely to have good oral health
  • need for help with oral hygiene
  • medical consequences of poor oral health
  • oral health consequences for general health
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16
Q

why are people with disabilities hard to target

A

not a single group

  • physical/cognitive/sensory/combination
  • hidden disabilities
  • varying severities
17
Q

why is it good to target people with disabilities for dental care

A

poorer oral hygiene
poorer gingival health
caries??
fewer filled teeth, more missing teeth

18
Q

what things need to be considered when treating disabled people

A
  • access to care
  • dental anxiety with learning disability
  • communication
  • treatment/management complexities
  • medical co-morbidities
  • capacity to consent
19
Q

what does equity mean

A

same rights to oral health doesn’t necessarily mean the same services

20
Q

what does the disability and the equality act mean you have to do as a service provider

A

requirement to make “reasonable adjustments”
-disabled people should be able to use services as far as is reasonable to the same standard as non-disabled people

requirement is anticipatory

  • plan in advance
  • think about different types of disability and possible difficulties
  • think about everything needed
21
Q

what are reasonable adjustments to make for disabilities

A

physical access - ground floor, ramp, hoist, dom visit, referral
communication - written info (large rint/ images), hearing loop, BSL
enabling treatment - time, explanation, appointment time, treatment plan
find out about patient and what they may need

22
Q

what is “reasonable”

A

no formal definition
depends on
- size and nature of business
- physical features of premises
- cost of making adjustments
barriers which should have been identified and reasonable adjustments could have been made
- required to pay compensation + make adjustment if challenged

23
Q

what do NHS dental practices in scotland have to have

A

3 yearly practice inspection
records whether can access without stairs
essential to have:
- details of disable access/facilities in practice information leaflet
- practice information leaflet available in large print
- disability policy (ideally based on results of an access survey)

24
Q

what is an access survey

A
  • look at features that make the practice accessible and what can be improved
  • access panels (local groups of disabled people) can provide advice/info/ visit practice
  • currently 50 access panels across scotland
  • can also consult with disabled patients
25
Q

how does gender affect oral health

A
  • women more likely to be regular attenders
  • women more likely to have”excellent oral health” (perio, caries, oral hygiene)
    BUT
    Women more likely to report dental pain
  • men more likely to have pulpally involved lesions

men more likely to have some natural teeth. Why? attend more = more treatment?

26
Q

how does pregnancy affect oral health

A

gingivities - 60-70% of all pregnant women
tend to receive less dental treatment at this time
get free NHS dental treatment (to encourage attendence, early input into oral health of child)

27
Q

How can race affect dental care

A
  • cultural practices e.g. chewing tobacco/Pann/Betel increase risk of oral cancer
  • language barriers
  • attitudes/ opinions relating to dental care may differ
28
Q

how can you target dental care for race

A
  • written information available in other languages
  • translation services
  • consider how medical/cultural factors may affect oral health/dental care
29
Q

what does intersectionality mean

A 
The interconnected nature of social categorisations such as race, class and gender as they apply to a given individual or group, regarded as creating overlapping and interdependent systems of discrimination or
disadvantage
30
Q

what does intersectionality mean for protecting protected groups

A

can’t generalise based on one characteristic

focussing on one shared identity ignores other factors which will also impact on individual people within the group

31
Q

how does socio-economic factors influence dental care

A
  • strong links with dental health
  • socio-economic factors also linked with many of protected characteristics
  • interactions between protected characteristics and socio-economic status may amplify disadvantage
  • discrimination/legal protection?
  • specific groups - homeless, prisoners, gypsy travellers, addictions, immigrants, asylum seekers, mental health
32
Q

what are “hard to reach” groups

A

are they hard to reach or are we???

beware of stereotyping/stigmatising

33
Q

What are “priority groups”

A

frail older people, people with special care needs, those who are homeless

BDS2 PMHP (8 decks)

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