Protected characteristics Flashcards

1
Q

What act legally protects protected characteristics

A

equality act 2010

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2
Q

why was the equality act 2010 created

A

to protect individuals from unfair treatment and promotes a fair and more equal society

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3
Q

what are the 9 protected characteristics

A
  • age
  • disability
  • gender
  • gender reassignment
  • marriage/ civil partnership
  • pregnancy and maternity
  • race and ethnicity
  • religion and belief
  • sexual orientation
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4
Q

what’s the relevance to the 9 protected characteristics

A
it's the law
can't discriminate
reasonable adjustments
colleagues/employees
patients
GDC standards
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5
Q

What GDC principle is protected characteristics relevant to

A
  1. put patient’s interests first
  2. 2- treat every patient with dignity and respect at all times
  3. 4- take a holistic and preventative approach to patient care which is appropriate to the individual patient
  4. 6- treat patients fairly, as individuals and without discrimination
  5. 9- find out about laws and regulations that affect your work and follow them
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6
Q

what does standard 1.6 state

A

you must not discriminate against patients on the grounds of:

  • age
  • disability
  • gender reassignment
  • marriage and civil partnership
  • pregnancy and maternity
  • race
  • religion or belief
  • sex
  • sexual orientation
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7
Q

how does age affect oral health

A

oral health is important at all ages
effects of poor oral health are cumulative over time
risk of oral health conditions change with age

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8
Q

how does being a child affect oral health

A
  • caries
  • reduced caries compared to 10 years ago but those who do have decay have lots
    dental extractions still most common reason for children to have GA
  • younger children dependent on parents/caregivers
  • older children more independence (food choices, oral hygiene)
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9
Q

how does being a young adult affect oral health

A

most have good oral health, those with decay more likely to have multiple teeth affected, periodontal health good

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10
Q

how does being an adult 45+ affect oral health

A

increased caries experience

  • <45 less likely to have had any fillings
  • 45-54 year old 97% had a filled tooth, with average 9.1 filled teeth
  • maintenance of previous restorations
  • increased levels of periodontal disease
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11
Q

how does being an older person affect oral health

A

falling edentulous rates

  • 64% aged 75 have some natural teeth
  • less coronal caries, but ++ root caries
  • periodontal disease
  • oral cancer risk increases with age
  • increased treatment complexity (previous restorative work, medical conditions, frailty, cognitive decline, dependence)
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12
Q

how does age affect the equality act in dentistry?

A

can a dentist refuse to treat a particular age group?
can a dentist see children on NHS terms but adults privately?
can oral health improvement target particular age groups?

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13
Q

under what conditions can you target interventions

A

can target interventions for people with a protected characteristic IF:

  • they are currently missing out on services
  • can show they have a different level of need
  • there is a tract record of disadvantage
  • low participation of this group
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14
Q

how are children targetted with dental care

A

high caries rates
high GA rates

early years = political priority
good oral health part of overall child wellbeing
establishing good oral health early on will influence later life

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15
Q

how are older adults targetted with dental care

A
  • dental attendance declines with age
  • older people less likely to have good oral health
  • need for help with oral hygiene
  • medical consequences of poor oral health
  • oral health consequences for general health
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16
Q

why are people with disabilities hard to target

A

not a single group

  • physical/cognitive/sensory/combination
  • hidden disabilities
  • varying severities
17
Q

why is it good to target people with disabilities for dental care

A

poorer oral hygiene
poorer gingival health
caries??
fewer filled teeth, more missing teeth

18
Q

what things need to be considered when treating disabled people

A
  • access to care
  • dental anxiety with learning disability
  • communication
  • treatment/management complexities
  • medical co-morbidities
  • capacity to consent
19
Q

what does equity mean

A

same rights to oral health doesn’t necessarily mean the same services

20
Q

what does the disability and the equality act mean you have to do as a service provider

A

requirement to make “reasonable adjustments”
-disabled people should be able to use services as far as is reasonable to the same standard as non-disabled people

requirement is anticipatory

  • plan in advance
  • think about different types of disability and possible difficulties
  • think about everything needed
21
Q

what are reasonable adjustments to make for disabilities

A

physical access - ground floor, ramp, hoist, dom visit, referral
communication - written info (large rint/ images), hearing loop, BSL
enabling treatment - time, explanation, appointment time, treatment plan
find out about patient and what they may need

22
Q

what is “reasonable”

A

no formal definition
depends on
- size and nature of business
- physical features of premises
- cost of making adjustments
barriers which should have been identified and reasonable adjustments could have been made
- required to pay compensation + make adjustment if challenged

23
Q

what do NHS dental practices in scotland have to have

A

3 yearly practice inspection
records whether can access without stairs
essential to have:
- details of disable access/facilities in practice information leaflet
- practice information leaflet available in large print
- disability policy (ideally based on results of an access survey)

24
Q

what is an access survey

A
  • look at features that make the practice accessible and what can be improved
  • access panels (local groups of disabled people) can provide advice/info/ visit practice
  • currently 50 access panels across scotland
  • can also consult with disabled patients
25
how does gender affect oral health
- women more likely to be regular attenders - women more likely to have"excellent oral health" (perio, caries, oral hygiene) BUT Women more likely to report dental pain - men more likely to have pulpally involved lesions men more likely to have some natural teeth. Why? attend more = more treatment?
26
how does pregnancy affect oral health
gingivities - 60-70% of all pregnant women tend to receive less dental treatment at this time get free NHS dental treatment (to encourage attendence, early input into oral health of child)
27
How can race affect dental care
- cultural practices e.g. chewing tobacco/Pann/Betel increase risk of oral cancer - language barriers - attitudes/ opinions relating to dental care may differ
28
how can you target dental care for race
- written information available in other languages - translation services - consider how medical/cultural factors may affect oral health/dental care
29
what does intersectionality mean
``` The interconnected nature of social categorisations such as race, class and gender as they apply to a given individual or group, regarded as creating overlapping and interdependent systems of discrimination or disadvantage ```
30
what does intersectionality mean for protecting protected groups
can't generalise based on one characteristic | focussing on one shared identity ignores other factors which will also impact on individual people within the group
31
how does socio-economic factors influence dental care
- strong links with dental health - socio-economic factors also linked with many of protected characteristics - interactions between protected characteristics and socio-economic status may amplify disadvantage - discrimination/legal protection? - specific groups - homeless, prisoners, gypsy travellers, addictions, immigrants, asylum seekers, mental health
32
what are "hard to reach" groups
are they hard to reach or are we??? beware of stereotyping/stigmatising
33
What are "priority groups"
frail older people, people with special care needs, those who are homeless