Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BDS2 PMHP > Epidemiology > Flashcards

Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

Define epidemiology

A

the study of populations in order to determine the frequency and distribution of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the point of epidemiology

A
  • to identify risk factors for disease

- to determine optimal treatment approaches to clinical practice and preventive medicine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is one of the first recorded examples of epidemiology to investigate and manage outbreak of infectious disease

A

John snow - broad street pump, cholera epidemic, london, 1854

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the major roles of epidemiology

A
  • Monitor infectious and non-infectious diseases
  • Study natural history of diseases
  • Investigation of disease risk factors
  • Health care needs assessment
  • Development of preventive programmes
  • Evaluation of interventions
  • Health Service planning
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 3 main types of epidemiology study

A
  • descriptive (observational)
  • analytic (observational)
  • intervention (experimental)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the measures of disease frequency used in descriptive epidemiology

A
  • Prevalence

- Incidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define prevalence

A

a measurement of all individuals affected by the disease within a particular period of time or point in time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How do you work out prevalence

A

number of affected individuals divided by total number of persons in population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What kind of studies are used to find prevalence

A

cross-sectional studies or from registers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define incidence

A

a measurement of the number of new individuals who contract a disease during a particular period of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What kind of studies are used to find incidence

A

longitudinal studies or from registers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the key difference between prevalence and incidence

A

Prevalence: at a point in time
Incidence: over a period of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When would you use prevalence or incidence? give examples

A

Generally:
Chronic diseases = prevalence (apart from cancer = incidence)

Acute diseases = incidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

is the common cold likely to have a high or low incidence and prevalence? Why?

A

(a short duration curable condition) = high incidence but low prevalence

because many people get a cold each year, but few people actually have a cold at any give time (so prevalence is low)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

is diabetes likely to have a high or low incidence and prevalence? Why?

A

(a chronic incurable disease) = low incidence but high prevalence

because the prevalence is the cumulative sum of past year incidence rates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the main variables of descriptive studies

A

Time, place person
or
When, where, who

17
Q

What are the advantages of using a sample of the population to survey

A
  • reduces no. of individuals to be sampled
  • reduces cost
  • higher response rate
  • higher quality of info collected
18
Q

why must a sample of the population used for a study be representative of the population being investigated

A

to avoid bias

19
Q

What are the different sampling techniques?

A
  • simple random sample
  • systematic sample
  • stratified sample
  • cluster sample
  • multi-stage sampling
20
Q

what is a simple random sample

A

e.g. use of table of random numbers

21
Q

what is a systematic sample

A

individuals selected at regular intervals from population list

22
Q

what is a stratified sample

A

ensures small sub-groups as sampling units e.g. school classes

23
Q

what is multi-stage sampling

A

combines the other sampling techniques

24
Q

What errors and bias can occur in survey methodology

A
  • sampling bias/ selection bias
  • response bias/ information bias
  • measurement error
  • observer variation (intra or inter) (intra = dentist x observation is the same, inter = dentist x and y is measuring in the same standard way)
  • loss to follow up
25
Q

Why do you need an indices? Give an example of one

A

to measure disease

e.g. DMF index

26
Q

What are the properties of an ideal index

A
  • clear, unambiguous, not subjective
  • ideally correspond with clinically important stages of the disease
  • indicate treatment need
  • within the ability of examiners
  • reproducible
  • not time consuming
  • acceptable to patient
  • amenable to statistical analysis
  • allow comparison with other studies
27
Q

Describe how the DMF index is used

A

Permanent teeth

  • DMFT: decayed, missing and filled teeth (0-32)
  • DMFS: decayed, missing and filled surfaces (0-148)

Deciduous teeth

  • dmf/def index
  • e = indicated for extraction/ exfoliated at age 6+ only score c,d,e

worldwide use

28
Q

what are the limitations of DMF index

A
  • teeth extracted for reasons other than caries
  • influenced by access e.g. interproximal surface
  • difficulty in differentiating fissure-sealant from restorations (underestimate caries)
  • influenced by past disease activity
  • threashold criteria of disease can vary (must specify)
  • cannot be used for root caries
29
Q

What type of decay is measured usually in DMF index

A

pulpal decay and decay into dentine (not enamel or subclinical)

30
Q

What does the basic national dental inspection programme measure

A
  • offered to every child in P1 and P7 classes of local authority schools every year
  • generates letter to parent about overall state of dental health of child+ degree of urgency to book appointment
31
Q

What does the detailed national dental inspection programme measure

A
  • to insepct a representative sample of the P1 or P7 school population in any year
  • to determine current levels of estabilished tooth decay
  • to illustrate the impact of deprevation on the dental health of 5 and 11 year old children in Scotland
  • records status of each tooth surface in accordance with international epidemiological conventions i.e. d3mft caries into dentine
32
Q

What does the TF index measure

A

dental fluorosis
(will be monitered through NDIP programme as potential impact of childsmile programme)
TF0 = healthy
TF4 = severe fluorosis (rare)

33
Q

How is the index of orthodontic treatment used?

A
  • assess need and eligibility of children for NHS orthodontic treatment on dental health grounds
  • selects those children who will benefit most from treatment; fair way to prioritise limited NHS resources

Dental health component
1 = almost perfection, 5 = severe dental health problems e.g. upper front teeth that protrude more than 9mm
(aesthetic component also used for borderline cases)

34
Q

What trends have we seen in the adult dental health surveys (every 10 years)

A

Huge improvement in adults retaining natural teeth. % adults with no natural teeth expected to be in single figures in all age groups up to 74 years by 2028

35
Q

What indices are used to measure periodontal disease

A
  • plaque indices
  • gingivitis indicies
  • periodontitis indies e.g. BPE

BDS2 PMHP (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions