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Case 11: Male Reproductive System > Prostate Cancer > Flashcards

Prostate Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What stimulates growth & secretions of prostate

A

Androgen hormones

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2
Q

What is the 2 types of prostatic tumours

A
  1. Nodular hyperplasia/benign prostatic hyperplasia
  2. Adenocarcinima
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3
Q

What is the epidemiology of BPH

A

Elderly men (>90% over 70 years olds)

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4
Q

What is the pathogenesis of BPH

A
  1. Oestrogen & SHBG increase w/ age
  2. SHBG has higher affinity for androgens that oestrogens & free testosterone levels decrease
  3. Increase in free oestrogen:testosterone
  4. This cause increase in androgen receptors in prostate cells that increase sensitivity to androgens
  5. Prostatic hyperplasia
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5
Q

What is the macroscopic morphology of BPH

A

Soft rubbery & nodular

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6
Q

Where does BPH occur

A

Median lobe or inner part of lateral lobe

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7
Q

What is the 3 microscopic appearances of BPH

A

Nodules are composed of excess prostatic glands & stroma
Aggregates of dilated glands w/ numerous papillary infoldings
Gland is lined w/ 2 epithelial cell layers

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8
Q

What is the 4 complications of BPH

A

BOO
1. Difficulty w/ urinatiton
2. Acute urinary retention
3. Hypertrophy of bladder musculature
4. Chronic cystitis

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9
Q

What is the epidemiology of prostate adenocarcinoma

A

Peak at 65-75 years

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10
Q

What is the 2 screenings for prostate adenocarcinoma

A

PSA
DRE

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11
Q

What is the macroscopic appearance of prostate adenocarcinoma

A

Irregular hard nodules

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12
Q

Where does prostate adenocarcinoma occur

A

Peripheral glands or posterior lobe

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13
Q

What is the 5 microscopic appearances of prostate adenocarcinoma

A

Crowded small acini infiltrate gland
Lack of papillary infoldings
Glands line by single layer of epithelial cells
Prominent nucleoli
Perineural invasion

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14
Q

What 4 components are used for prognosis of prostate adenocarcinoma

A
  1. Histologies grade
  2. Stage
  3. Surgical resection margins
  4. Androgen levels
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15
Q

What is the Gleason grading scale

A

Grade 1-5

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16
Q

What 4 things does a higher Gleason grade mean

A

More aggressive behavior
Worse differentiation
More disorganized infiltrative edge
Acini less identifiable

17
Q

What does the TNM stage indicate

A

Extent of involvement of the body & prognosis/survival rate

18
Q

What is the component of TNM stage

A

Size of Tumour & local spread
Lymph Node involvement
Distant organ Metastasis

19
Q

What is 3 common sites of metastatic spread

A

Pelvic lymph nodes
Para-aortic lymph nodes
Bones

Case 11: Male Reproductive System (9 decks)

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