Histophysiology

Question 1

What is the 2 functions of reproduction in male

Answer 1

Production of spermatozoa
Convey to female

Question 2

What is the 5 processes involved in spermatozoa production & conveying to female

Answer 2

1. Maturation of spermatozoa in epididymis for 30 days
2. Storage in epididymis & vascular deference for up to months
3. Emission by emptying content into prostatic urethra
4. Production of other semen fluids
5. Erection & ejaculation

Question 3

What is the 2 functions of the testes

Answer 3

Produce spermatozoa & testosterone

Question 4

What is the 4 cell types in testes

Answer 4

1. Epithelial cells
2. Sertoli cells
3. Leydig cells
4. Sperm cells

Question 5

What is the seminiferous tubule lining

Answer 5

Specialized seminiferous epithelial cells

Question 6

What 2 specialized cell types are there in seminiferous tubule

Answer 6

Sertolie cells
Spermatogenic cells

Question 7

What 4 structures surround the seminiferous tubule

Answer 7

Basement membrane
Myoid/peritubular cells
Fibroblasts
Collagenous fibers

Question 8

What cell type is Sertoli cells

Answer 8

Tall columnar cells w/ deep cytoplasmic infoldings

Question 9

What is 5 functions of Sertoli cells

Answer 9

1. Support, protect & nourish developing spermatogenic cells
2. Phagocytosis of residual bodies
3. Facilitate release of spermatozoa
4. Forms blood‐testis barrier they create an immunological privilege that prevent autoimmune reactions
5. Tight junctions secrete FAS ligand that eliminates T cell mediated immune response

Question 10

How long does spermatogenesis take

Answer 10

70-80 days

Question 11

What is the 3 phases of spermatogenesis

Answer 11

1. Spermatocytogenesis
2. Spermatocyte phase
3. Spermiogenesis

Question 12

What is the conversion is spermatocytogenesis, process involved & where it occurs

Answer 12

Spermatogonia to primary spermatocyte
Mitosis
Basal compartment

Question 13

What is the conversion is spermatocyte phase, process involved & where it occurs

Answer 13

Primary spermatocyte to 4 spermatids
Meiosis 1 & 2
Adluminal compartment

Question 14

What is the conversion is spermiogenesis, process involved & where it occurs

Answer 14

Spermatids to spermatozoa
Cell differentiation & maturation of haploid gamete
Adluminal compartment

Question 15

What is the cells type in spermatocytogenesis

Answer 15

Type Ad: stem cells (dark nucleus)
Type Ap: undergo mitotic division (pale nucleus)
Type B: chromatin condensed into clumps

Question 16

What is the processes in spermatocyte phase

Answer 16

Primary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis 1 to form secondary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis 2 to form 4 spermatids

Question 17

What is the 4 developmental phases of spermiogenesis

Answer 17

1. Golgi phase
2. Cap phase
3. Acrosomal phase
4. Maturation phase

Question 18

What happens in the Golgi phase

Answer 18

Enzymes of Golgi apparatus forms acrosomal vesicle

Question 19

What happens in the Cap phase

Answer 19

Acrosome caps nucleus
Centrioles migrate to opposite pole
Axoneme forms
Spermatid rotate so that acrosome point towards seminiferous tubule

Question 20

What happens in the Acrosomal phase

Answer 20

Acrosome increase coverage
Axoneme develops into flagella & mitochondria migrate
Manchetta forms
Nucleus condenses

Question 21

What happens in the Maturation phase

Answer 21

Shedding of cytoplasm & Sertoli cells phagocytose
Manchetta dissembles
Spermatozoa forms

Question 22

What process does spermatozoa undergo to become motile & fully functional

Answer 22

Capacitation

Question 23

What is the 2 processes in capacitation

Answer 23

1. Gaining motility: mix w/ secretion of seminal glands
2. Become capable of fertilization: exposed to female reproductive tract

Question 24

How does Leydig cells look like

Answer 24

Large polygonal cells near capillaries w/ granular eosinophilic cytoplasm filled with/ cholesterol & enzymes

Question 25

What is the function of Leydig cells

Answer 25

Testosterone production

Question 26

What is the 4 excretory ductules

Answer 26

1. Seminal vesicle 2. Efferent ductules 3. Epididymis 4. Vas deference

Question 27

What is the epithelium of the rete testis

Answer 27

Low cuboidal w/ single cilium to move spermatozoa

Question 28

What is the epithelium of the efferent ductules

Answer 28

Mixed low cuboidal epithelium w/ microvili for absorption of substance to concentrate Tall ciliated columnar epithelium for movement

Question 29

What is the epithelium of the epididymis

Answer 29

Tall pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/ giant microvili & circular smooth muscle layer

Question 30

What is the function of basal cells in epididymis

Answer 30

Regenerative

Question 31

What is the function of apical cells in epididymis

Answer 31

Contains lymphocytes

Question 32

Does the epididymis require something for function

Answer 32

Yes, testosterone

Question 33

What is the 3 functions of the epididymis

Answer 33

1. Secretory: selected amino acids, sialic acid, glycoproteins 2. Peristaltic movements 3. Maturation

Question 34

What is the epithelium of the vascular deference

Answer 34

Stereociliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/ 3 smooth muscle layers

Question 35

What is the 3 accessory glands

Answer 35

1. Prostate 2. Seminal vesicle 3. Bulbourethral gland

Question 36

What structures pierces the prostate

Answer 36

Urethra & ejaculatory duct

Question 37

What type of gland is the prostate

Answer 37

Compound tubuloacinar gland

Question 38

What is the epithelium of the seminal vesicle

Answer 38

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/ short basal cells & low columnar cells w/ inner circular & outer longitudinal smooth muscle

Question 39

What type of glands are the bulbourethral gland

Answer 39

Compound tubuloacinar glands

Question 40

What is the epithelium of the bulbourethral glands

Answer 40

Simple secretory/simple cuboidal/simple columnar epithelium

Question 41

What is the 3 secretions of the seminal vesicle & functions

Answer 41

Fructose: energy Prostaglandin: stimulates tubular muscular contraction Fibrinogen: coagulation of semen

Question 42

What is the 2 secretions of the prostate & functions

Answer 42

Proteolytic enzymes Prostatic specific acid phosphatase, PSA & fibrinolysin Liquefying coagulated semen after depositing

Question 43

What is the 2 secretions of the bulbourethral glands & functions

Answer 43

Galactose Sialic acid Lubricating function

Question 44

What is appearance of inactive prostatic gland

Answer 44

Big lumen & low cuboidal epithelium

Question 45

What is appearance of active prostatic gland

Answer 45

Folded lumen & tall columnar epithelium

Question 46

What arteries are in the coropora cavernosa

Answer 46

Deep & spiral arteries

Question 47

How does an erection occur

Answer 47

Neurovascular event via sensation of glans penis w/ smooth muscle cell relaxation & blood flows into vascular space & cavernosa distend compressing veins & blood can’t drain resulting in local engorgement & erection

Question 48

What is the role of the automatic system in erection

Answer 48

Penile response

Question 49

What is the role of the somatic system in erection

Answer 49

Ejaculation response

Question 50

What is the role of the parasympathetic system in erection

Answer 50

Acts via sacral spinal cord]release NO/VIP & ACh that cause dilation of spiral arteries

Question 51

What is the role of the sympathetic system in erection

Answer 51

Acts via lumbar spine & decrease noradrenaline loss of sympathetic tone & no erection

Question 52

How does somatic system cause an ejaculation response

Answer 52

Motor branch of pudendal nerve secretes non‐cholinergic transmitters & NO Striated muscle (bulbospongiousus increases engorgment) & smooth muscle around tract cause contractions results in ejaculation

Question 53

What is the role of afferent innervation in erection

Answer 53

Via dorsal nerve main tactile sensory input

Question 54

What is the physiology of erectile response & what system is involved

Answer 54

Flaccid to harden penis due to engorgement of erectile tissue Parasympathetic induce vasodilation of penile arterioles

Question 55

What is the physiology of lubircation & what system is involved

Answer 55

Secretion of mucus from bulbourethral & urethral glands Parasympathetically induced increased secretion of mucus

Question 56

What is the physiology of emission & what system is involved

Answer 56

Emptying of sperm & accessory gland secretion into urethra Sympathetically induced contraction of walls of ducts & accessory glands

Question 57

What is the physiology of ejaculation response & what system is involved

Answer 57

Forceful expulsion of semen from penis Somatic induced contraction of skeletal muscle at base of penis

Question 58

What is the 5 things Sertoli cells secrete

Answer 58

1. Express testosterone & FSH receptors 2. Produce & secrete **ABP** into lumen of tubules to concentrate local testosterone 3. Produce & secrete **antimullerian hormone** during embryogenesis to suppress formation of Müllerian duct 3. Produce & secrete **inhibin** that inhibit the release of FSH by anterior pituitary 4. Produce & secrete **activin** that facilitate release of FSH by anterior pituitary

Question 59

What are 7 causes of infertility

Answer 59

1. Cryptorchidism (undescended testis, only Sertoli cells present) 2. Congenital & acquired ductal obstruction in reproductive tract 3. Immotile cilia (Kartagener’s syndrome) 4. Sertoli cell only syndrome (no germ cells) 5. Klinefelter’s syndrome (46XXY low testosterone + high oestradiol) 6. Vasectomy 7. Chemotherapy (transient infertility as affect meiotic & mitotic spermatogenic cells not Sertoli)