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Case 11: Male Reproductive System > Histophysiology > Flashcards

Histophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the 2 functions of reproduction in male

A

Production of spermatozoa
Convey to female

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2
Q

What is the 5 processes involved in spermatozoa production & conveying to female

A
  1. Maturation of spermatozoa in epididymis for 30 days
  2. Storage in epididymis & vascular deference for up to months
  3. Emission by emptying content into prostatic urethra
  4. Production of other semen fluids
  5. Erection & ejaculation
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3
Q

What is the 2 functions of the testes

A

Produce spermatozoa & testosterone

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4
Q

What is the 4 cell types in testes

A
  1. Epithelial cells
  2. Sertoli cells
  3. Leydig cells
  4. Sperm cells
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5
Q

What is the seminiferous tubule lining

A

Specialized seminiferous epithelial cells

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6
Q

What 2 specialized cell types are there in seminiferous tubule

A

Sertolie cells
Spermatogenic cells

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7
Q

What 4 structures surround the seminiferous tubule

A

Basement membrane
Myoid/peritubular cells
Fibroblasts
Collagenous fibers

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8
Q

What cell type is Sertoli cells

A

Tall columnar cells w/ deep cytoplasmic infoldings

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9
Q

What is 5 functions of Sertoli cells

A
  1. Support, protect & nourish developing spermatogenic cells
  2. Phagocytosis of residual bodies
  3. Facilitate release of spermatozoa
  4. Forms blood‐testis barrier they create an immunological privilege that prevent autoimmune reactions
  5. Tight junctions secrete FAS ligand that eliminates T cell mediated immune response
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10
Q

How long does spermatogenesis take

A

70-80 days

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11
Q

What is the 3 phases of spermatogenesis

A
  1. Spermatocytogenesis
  2. Spermatocyte phase
  3. Spermiogenesis
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12
Q

What is the conversion is spermatocytogenesis, process involved & where it occurs

A

Spermatogonia to primary spermatocyte
Mitosis
Basal compartment

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13
Q

What is the conversion is spermatocyte phase, process involved & where it occurs

A

Primary spermatocyte to 4 spermatids
Meiosis 1 & 2
Adluminal compartment

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14
Q

What is the conversion is spermiogenesis, process involved & where it occurs

A

Spermatids to spermatozoa
Cell differentiation & maturation of haploid gamete
Adluminal compartment

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15
Q

What is the cells type in spermatocytogenesis

A

Type Ad: stem cells (dark nucleus)
Type Ap: undergo mitotic division (pale nucleus)
Type B: chromatin condensed into clumps

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16
Q

What is the processes in spermatocyte phase

A

Primary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis 1 to form secondary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis 2 to form 4 spermatids

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17
Q

What is the 4 developmental phases of spermiogenesis

A
  1. Golgi phase
  2. Cap phase
  3. Acrosomal phase
  4. Maturation phase
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18
Q

What happens in the Golgi phase

A

Enzymes of Golgi apparatus forms acrosomal vesicle

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19
Q

What happens in the Cap phase

A

Acrosome caps nucleus
Centrioles migrate to opposite pole
Axoneme forms
Spermatid rotate so that acrosome point towards seminiferous tubule

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20
Q

What happens in the Acrosomal phase

A

Acrosome increase coverage
Axoneme develops into flagella & mitochondria migrate
Manchetta forms
Nucleus condenses

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21
Q

What happens in the Maturation phase

A

Shedding of cytoplasm & Sertoli cells phagocytose
Manchetta dissembles
Spermatozoa forms

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22
Q

What process does spermatozoa undergo to become motile & fully functional

A

Capacitation

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23
Q

What is the 2 processes in capacitation

A
  1. Gaining motility: mix w/ secretion of seminal glands
  2. Become capable of fertilization: exposed to female reproductive tract
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24
Q

How does Leydig cells look like

A

Large polygonal cells near capillaries w/ granular eosinophilic cytoplasm filled with/ cholesterol & enzymes

25
Q

What is the function of Leydig cells

A

Testosterone production

26
Q

What is the 4 excretory ductules

A
  1. Seminal vesicle
  2. Efferent ductules
  3. Epididymis
  4. Vas deference
27
Q

What is the epithelium of the rete testis

A

Low cuboidal w/ single cilium to move spermatozoa

28
Q

What is the epithelium of the efferent ductules

A

Mixed low cuboidal epithelium w/ microvili for absorption of substance to concentrate
Tall ciliated columnar epithelium for movement

29
Q

What is the epithelium of the epididymis

A

Tall pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/ giant microvili & circular smooth muscle layer

30
Q

What is the function of basal cells in epididymis

A

Regenerative

31
Q

What is the function of apical cells in epididymis

A

Contains lymphocytes

32
Q

Does the epididymis require something for function

A

Yes, testosterone

33
Q

What is the 3 functions of the epididymis

A
  1. Secretory: selected amino acids, sialic acid, glycoproteins
  2. Peristaltic movements
  3. Maturation
34
Q

What is the epithelium of the vascular deference

A

Stereociliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/ 3 smooth muscle layers

35
Q

What is the 3 accessory glands

A
  1. Prostate
  2. Seminal vesicle
  3. Bulbourethral gland
36
Q

What structures pierces the prostate

A

Urethra & ejaculatory duct

37
Q

What type of gland is the prostate

A

Compound tubuloacinar gland

38
Q

What is the epithelium of the seminal vesicle

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/ short basal cells & low columnar cells w/ inner circular & outer longitudinal smooth muscle

39
Q

What type of glands are the bulbourethral gland

A

Compound tubuloacinar glands

40
Q

What is the epithelium of the bulbourethral glands

A

Simple secretory/simple cuboidal/simple columnar epithelium

41
Q

What is the 3 secretions of the seminal vesicle & functions

A

Fructose: energy
Prostaglandin: stimulates tubular muscular contraction
Fibrinogen: coagulation of semen

42
Q

What is the 2 secretions of the prostate & functions

A

Proteolytic enzymes
Prostatic specific acid phosphatase, PSA & fibrinolysin
Liquefying coagulated semen after depositing

43
Q

What is the 2 secretions of the bulbourethral glands & functions

A

Galactose
Sialic acid
Lubricating function

44
Q

What is appearance of inactive prostatic gland

A

Big lumen & low cuboidal epithelium

45
Q

What is appearance of active prostatic gland

A

Folded lumen & tall columnar epithelium

46
Q

What arteries are in the coropora cavernosa

A

Deep & spiral arteries

47
Q

How does an erection occur

A

Neurovascular event via sensation of glans penis w/ smooth muscle cell relaxation & blood flows into vascular space & cavernosa distend compressing veins & blood can’t drain resulting in local engorgement & erection

48
Q

What is the role of the automatic system in erection

A

Penile response

49
Q

What is the role of the somatic system in erection

A

Ejaculation response

50
Q

What is the role of the parasympathetic system in erection

A

Acts via sacral spinal cord]release NO/VIP & ACh that cause dilation of spiral arteries

51
Q

What is the role of the sympathetic system in erection

A

Acts via lumbar spine & decrease noradrenaline loss of sympathetic tone & no erection

52
Q

How does somatic system cause an ejaculation response

A

Motor branch of pudendal nerve secretes non‐cholinergic transmitters & NO
Striated muscle (bulbospongiousus increases engorgment) & smooth muscle around tract cause contractions results in ejaculation

53
Q

What is the role of afferent innervation in erection

A

Via dorsal nerve main tactile sensory input

54
Q

What is the physiology of erectile response & what system is involved

A

Flaccid to harden penis due to engorgement of erectile tissue
Parasympathetic induce vasodilation of penile arterioles

55
Q

What is the physiology of lubircation & what system is involved

A

Secretion of mucus from bulbourethral & urethral glands
Parasympathetically induced increased secretion of mucus

56
Q

What is the physiology of emission & what system is involved

A

Emptying of sperm & accessory gland secretion into urethra
Sympathetically induced contraction of walls of ducts & accessory glands

57
Q

What is the physiology of ejaculation response & what system is involved

A

Forceful expulsion of semen from penis
Somatic induced contraction of skeletal muscle at base of penis

58
Q

What is the 5 things Sertoli cells secrete

A
  1. Express testosterone & FSH receptors
  2. Produce & secrete ABP into lumen of tubules to concentrate local testosterone
  3. Produce & secrete antimullerian hormone during embryogenesis to suppress formation of Müllerian duct
  4. Produce & secrete inhibin that inhibit the release of FSH by anterior pituitary
  5. Produce & secrete activin that facilitate release of FSH by anterior pituitary
59
Q

What are 7 causes of infertility

A
  1. Cryptorchidism (undescended testis, only Sertoli cells present)
  2. Congenital & acquired ductal obstruction in reproductive tract
  3. Immotile cilia (Kartagener’s syndrome)
  4. Sertoli cell only syndrome (no germ cells)
  5. Klinefelter’s syndrome (46XXY low testosterone + high oestradiol)
  6. Vasectomy
  7. Chemotherapy (transient infertility as affect meiotic & mitotic spermatogenic cells not Sertoli)

Case 11: Male Reproductive System (9 decks)

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