Growth Disorder

Question 1

What is 6 disorders of growth

Answer 1

1. Hyperplasia
2. Hypertrophy
3. Atrophy
4. Metaplasia
5. Dysplasia
6. Neoplasia

Question 2

What is cellular adaption

Answer 2

Reversible change in size, number, phenotype, metabolic activity or functions of the cell in response to changes in the environment

Question 3

What is 2 types of cellular adaptation cause classification

Answer 3

1. Physiological due to hormone or endogenous chemicals
2. Pathological in response to stress

Question 4

What is the 4 forms of cellular adaptation

Answer 4

1. Hypertrophy
2. Hyperplasia
3. Atrophy
4. Metaplasia

Question 5

What does hypertrophy mean

Answer 5

Increase in size of cell, increasing organ size & increasing functional capacity

Question 6

What is the effect of hypertrophy

Answer 6

Increased metabolic activity leading to increase synthesis of substances & decreased protein degradation
Resulting in improved performance

Question 7

What is 2 examples of physiological hypertrophy & causes

Answer 7

1. Increased functional demand in skeletal muscles & heart muscles
2. Specific hormonal stimulation in pregnancy uterus

Question 8

What is 4 examples of pathological hypertrophy & causes

Answer 8

1. Adaptive hypertrophy in hollow muscular organs (stomach due to obstruction, urinary bladder urethral stricture & left ventricle due to HPT or aortic valve disease)
2. Compensatory hypertrophy in paired organs (one kidney removed & increase in size)
3. Hormonal hypertrophy like excess growth hormone = gigantism or acromegaly
4. Selective hypertrophy in liver where replaced when removed

Question 9

What is the definition of hyperplasia

Answer 9

Increase in number of cells increasing the size of organ
Can occur w/ hypertrophy

Question 10

What is 2 examples of physiological hyperplasia & causes

Answer 10

1. Hormonal like glandular epithelium in female breast at puberty & pregnancy
2. Compensatory liver resection

Question 11

What is 4 examples of pathological hyperplasia & causes

Answer 11

1. Excess hormonal/growth factor stimulation like in endometrial hyperplasia, thyrotoxicosis or Cushing syndrome in ACTH
2. Wound healing growth factors are produced by WBC & ECM in response to injury
3. Due to viral infection like HPV that cause skin warts & squamous cell carcinoma
4. Cancer as it creates space for cancer to proliferate like endometrial or HPV infections

Question 12

What does atrophy mean

Answer 12

Shrinkage in size of cell by loss of cell substances & if sufficient number of cells involved whole organs can diminish

Question 13

What is the 4 effects of atrophy

Answer 13

Decreased protein synthesis
Decreased mitochondria & myofilaments
Decreased endoplasmic reticulum
Increase protein catabolism

Question 14

What is 3 examples of physiological atrophy & causes

Answer 14

1. Atrophy of thymus gland after puberty
2. Disuse atrophy after immobilization for long period
3. Loss of hormone stimulation in atrophy of ovaries & uterus after menopause

Question 15

What is 4 examples of pathological atrophy & causes

Answer 15

1. Loss of innervation like neurological
2. Starvation & malnutrition leading to general atrophy
3. Senile atrophy in old age brown atrophy of heart
4. Pressure atrophy due to tumor pressure on surrounding tissue

Question 16

What process is common with atrophy

Answer 16

Autophagy where cell eats own components in attempt to find nutrient & survive

Question 17

What is the meaning of metaplasia

Answer 17

Transformation of one type of tissue into another type of same differentiation

Question 18

Why does metaplasia occur

Answer 18

Replaced by other cell type that will better withstand the adverse environment

Question 19

What is the 2 types of metaplasia & examples

Answer 19

1. Epithelial metaplasia squamous metaplasia of the respiratory epithelium & transitional epithelium of bladder
2. Connective tissue metaplasia of cartilage to bone in old age, bone occasionally forms at foci of injury

Question 20

What is the 3 criteria for dysplasia

Answer 20

Loss of architectural orientation of the cells
Loss of uniformity of individual cells
Increased cell growth

Question 21

What is a neoplasm

Answer 21

Abnormal mass of tissue w/ growth that exceeds & is uncoordinated w/ that of normal tissue & persists in the same manner even if stimuli is removed

Question 22

When does a neoplasm become malignant

Answer 22

Once it crosses the basement membrane

Question 23

State the growth rate, growth pattern, differentiation form other tissue & metastasis of benign neoplasm

Answer 23

Slow
Expansive w/ capsule
Well differentiated
None

Question 24

State the growth rate, growth pattern, differentiation form other tissue & metastasis of malignant neoplasm

Answer 24

Fast
Infiltration w/ no capsule
Poorly differentiated
Frequent

Question 25

What is the 6 tumour histogenesis (cell tumour can arise from)

Answer 25

1. Epithelial 2. Mesodermal 3. Specialized tissue 4. Trophoblast 5. Totipotential cells 6. Embryonal

Question 26

What is a benign & malignant name of squamous epithelium

Answer 26

Benign: squamous cell papilloma Malignant: squamous cell carcinoma

Question 27

What is a benign & malignant name of transitional epithelium

Answer 27

Benign: transitional cell papilloma Malignant: transitional cell carcinoma

Question 28

What is a benign & malignant name of glandular epithelium

Answer 28

Benign: adenoma Malignant: adenocarcinoma

Question 29

What is a benign & malignant name of basal cell epithelium

Answer 29

Benign: basal cell papilloma Malignant: basal cell carcinoma

Question 30

What is a benign & malignant name of smooth muscle

Answer 30

Benign: leiomyoma Malignant: leiomyosarcoma

Question 31

What is a benign & malignant name of striated muscle

Answer 31

Benign: rhabdomyoma Malignant: rhabdomyosarcoma

Question 32

What is a benign & malignant name of adipose tissue

Answer 32

Benign: lipoma Malignant: liposarcoma

Question 33

What is a benign & malignant name of blood vessels

Answer 33

Benign: angioma Malignant: angiosarcoma

Question 34

What is a benign & malignant name of cartilage

Answer 34

Benign: chondroma Malignant: chondrosarcoma

Question 35

What is a benign & malignant name of bone

Answer 35

Benign: osteoma Malignant: osteosarcoma

Question 36

What is the 4 ways in which malignant neoplasm spread

Answer 36

1. Direct 2. Lymphatic 3. Haematogenous dissemination 4. Transcoelomic spread

Question 37

What is the 3 ways of transcoelomic spread

Answer 37

Pleural cavity Pericardial cavity Peritoneal cavity

Question 38

What is the 3 ways of haematogenous spread

Answer 38

Systemic circulation Portal circulation Paravertebral plexus

Question 39

What is the 2 ways of direct spread

Answer 39

Continuity Contiguity

Question 40

What is the 2 ways of lymphatics spread

Answer 40

Lymphatics permeation: neoplasticism cells grow inside lymphatics forming a tumour Lymphatic embolism: neoplasticism cells break off & carried to lymph nodes

Question 41

What is the 4 local effect of neoplasm

Answer 41

1. Compression/obstruction 2. Destruction & invasion 3. Haemorrhage 4. Infection §

Question 42

What is 2 causes of tissue destruction

Answer 42

1. Pressure 2. Aggressive invasive properties

Question 43

What is the rate of haemorrhage in neoplasm

Answer 43

Slow & unspectacular can lead to iron deficiency & low blood volume resulting in replacement of blood

Question 44

What type of infection is common in neoplasm

Answer 44

Secondary infection

Question 45

What 2 things cause infection in neoplasm

Answer 45

1. Immunosupression 2. Obstruction causing stasis & medium for bacteria to grow

Question 46

What is 4 systemic effects of neoplasm

Answer 46

1. Cachexia 2. Anaemia 3. Endocrinopathies 4. Paraneoplastic syndrome

Question 47

What is cachexia

Answer 47

Progressive loss of body fat & lean body massa

Question 48

What 3 processes play a role in cachexia & explain

Answer 48

1. Metabolic processes of cancer 2. Malabsorption 3. Anorexia due to loss of appetite, reduced food intake due to abnormalities in taste & central control of appetite