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Case 11: Male Reproductive System > Growth Disorder > Flashcards

Growth Disorder Flashcards

1
Q

What is 6 disorders of growth

A
  1. Hyperplasia
  2. Hypertrophy
  3. Atrophy
  4. Metaplasia
  5. Dysplasia
  6. Neoplasia
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2
Q

What is cellular adaption

A

Reversible change in size, number, phenotype, metabolic activity or functions of the cell in response to changes in the environment

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3
Q

What is 2 types of cellular adaptation cause classification

A
  1. Physiological due to hormone or endogenous chemicals
  2. Pathological in response to stress
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4
Q

What is the 4 forms of cellular adaptation

A
  1. Hypertrophy
  2. Hyperplasia
  3. Atrophy
  4. Metaplasia
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5
Q

What does hypertrophy mean

A

Increase in size of cell, increasing organ size & increasing functional capacity

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6
Q

What is the effect of hypertrophy

A

Increased metabolic activity leading to increase synthesis of substances & decreased protein degradation
Resulting in improved performance

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7
Q

What is 2 examples of physiological hypertrophy & causes

A
  1. Increased functional demand in skeletal muscles & heart muscles
  2. Specific hormonal stimulation in pregnancy uterus
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8
Q

What is 4 examples of pathological hypertrophy & causes

A
  1. Adaptive hypertrophy in hollow muscular organs (stomach due to obstruction, urinary bladder urethral stricture & left ventricle due to HPT or aortic valve disease)
  2. Compensatory hypertrophy in paired organs (one kidney removed & increase in size)
  3. Hormonal hypertrophy like excess growth hormone = gigantism or acromegaly
  4. Selective hypertrophy in liver where replaced when removed
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9
Q

What is the definition of hyperplasia

A

Increase in number of cells increasing the size of organ
Can occur w/ hypertrophy

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10
Q

What is 2 examples of physiological hyperplasia & causes

A
  1. Hormonal like glandular epithelium in female breast at puberty & pregnancy
  2. Compensatory liver resection
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11
Q

What is 4 examples of pathological hyperplasia & causes

A
  1. Excess hormonal/growth factor stimulation like in endometrial hyperplasia, thyrotoxicosis or Cushing syndrome in ACTH
  2. Wound healing growth factors are produced by WBC & ECM in response to injury
  3. Due to viral infection like HPV that cause skin warts & squamous cell carcinoma
  4. Cancer as it creates space for cancer to proliferate like endometrial or HPV infections
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12
Q

What does atrophy mean

A

Shrinkage in size of cell by loss of cell substances & if sufficient number of cells involved whole organs can diminish

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13
Q

What is the 4 effects of atrophy

A

Decreased protein synthesis
Decreased mitochondria & myofilaments
Decreased endoplasmic reticulum
Increase protein catabolism

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14
Q

What is 3 examples of physiological atrophy & causes

A
  1. Atrophy of thymus gland after puberty
  2. Disuse atrophy after immobilization for long period
  3. Loss of hormone stimulation in atrophy of ovaries & uterus after menopause
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15
Q

What is 4 examples of pathological atrophy & causes

A
  1. Loss of innervation like neurological
  2. Starvation & malnutrition leading to general atrophy
  3. Senile atrophy in old age brown atrophy of heart
  4. Pressure atrophy due to tumor pressure on surrounding tissue
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16
Q

What process is common with atrophy

A

Autophagy where cell eats own components in attempt to find nutrient & survive

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17
Q

What is the meaning of metaplasia

A

Transformation of one type of tissue into another type of same differentiation

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18
Q

Why does metaplasia occur

A

Replaced by other cell type that will better withstand the adverse environment

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19
Q

What is the 2 types of metaplasia & examples

A
  1. Epithelial metaplasia squamous metaplasia of the respiratory epithelium & transitional epithelium of bladder
  2. Connective tissue metaplasia of cartilage to bone in old age, bone occasionally forms at foci of injury
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20
Q

What is the 3 criteria for dysplasia

A

Loss of architectural orientation of the cells
Loss of uniformity of individual cells
Increased cell growth

21
Q

What is a neoplasm

A

Abnormal mass of tissue w/ growth that exceeds & is uncoordinated w/ that of normal tissue & persists in the same manner even if stimuli is removed

22
Q

When does a neoplasm become malignant

A

Once it crosses the basement membrane

23
Q

State the growth rate, growth pattern, differentiation form other tissue & metastasis of benign neoplasm

A

Slow
Expansive w/ capsule
Well differentiated
None

24
Q

State the growth rate, growth pattern, differentiation form other tissue & metastasis of malignant neoplasm

A

Fast
Infiltration w/ no capsule
Poorly differentiated
Frequent

25
Q

What is the 6 tumour histogenesis (cell tumour can arise from)

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Mesodermal
  3. Specialized tissue
  4. Trophoblast
  5. Totipotential cells
  6. Embryonal
26
Q

What is a benign & malignant name of squamous epithelium

A

Benign: squamous cell papilloma
Malignant: squamous cell carcinoma

27
Q

What is a benign & malignant name of transitional epithelium

A

Benign: transitional cell papilloma
Malignant: transitional cell carcinoma

28
Q

What is a benign & malignant name of glandular epithelium

A

Benign: adenoma
Malignant: adenocarcinoma

29
Q

What is a benign & malignant name of basal cell epithelium

A

Benign: basal cell papilloma
Malignant: basal cell carcinoma

30
Q

What is a benign & malignant name of smooth muscle

A

Benign: leiomyoma
Malignant: leiomyosarcoma

31
Q

What is a benign & malignant name of striated muscle

A

Benign: rhabdomyoma
Malignant: rhabdomyosarcoma

32
Q

What is a benign & malignant name of adipose tissue

A

Benign: lipoma
Malignant: liposarcoma

33
Q

What is a benign & malignant name of blood vessels

A

Benign: angioma
Malignant: angiosarcoma

34
Q

What is a benign & malignant name of cartilage

A

Benign: chondroma
Malignant: chondrosarcoma

35
Q

What is a benign & malignant name of bone

A

Benign: osteoma
Malignant: osteosarcoma

36
Q

What is the 4 ways in which malignant neoplasm spread

A
  1. Direct
  2. Lymphatic
  3. Haematogenous dissemination
  4. Transcoelomic spread
37
Q

What is the 3 ways of transcoelomic spread

A

Pleural cavity
Pericardial cavity
Peritoneal cavity

38
Q

What is the 3 ways of haematogenous spread

A

Systemic circulation
Portal circulation
Paravertebral plexus

39
Q

What is the 2 ways of direct spread

A

Continuity
Contiguity

40
Q

What is the 2 ways of lymphatics spread

A

Lymphatics permeation: neoplasticism cells grow inside lymphatics forming a tumour
Lymphatic embolism: neoplasticism cells break off & carried to lymph nodes

41
Q

What is the 4 local effect of neoplasm

A
  1. Compression/obstruction
  2. Destruction & invasion
  3. Haemorrhage
  4. Infection §
42
Q

What is 2 causes of tissue destruction

A
  1. Pressure
  2. Aggressive invasive properties
43
Q

What is the rate of haemorrhage in neoplasm

A

Slow & unspectacular can lead to iron deficiency & low blood volume resulting in replacement of blood

44
Q

What type of infection is common in neoplasm

A

Secondary infection

45
Q

What 2 things cause infection in neoplasm

A
  1. Immunosupression
  2. Obstruction causing stasis & medium for bacteria to grow
46
Q

What is 4 systemic effects of neoplasm

A
  1. Cachexia
  2. Anaemia
  3. Endocrinopathies
  4. Paraneoplastic syndrome
47
Q

What is cachexia

A

Progressive loss of body fat & lean body massa

48
Q

What 3 processes play a role in cachexia & explain

A
  1. Metabolic processes of cancer
  2. Malabsorption
  3. Anorexia due to loss of appetite, reduced food intake due to abnormalities in taste & central control of appetite

Case 11: Male Reproductive System (9 decks)

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