Growth Disorder Flashcards
What is 6 disorders of growth
- Hyperplasia
- Hypertrophy
- Atrophy
- Metaplasia
- Dysplasia
- Neoplasia
What is cellular adaption
Reversible change in size, number, phenotype, metabolic activity or functions of the cell in response to changes in the environment
What is 2 types of cellular adaptation cause classification
- Physiological due to hormone or endogenous chemicals
- Pathological in response to stress
What is the 4 forms of cellular adaptation
- Hypertrophy
- Hyperplasia
- Atrophy
- Metaplasia
What does hypertrophy mean
Increase in size of cell, increasing organ size & increasing functional capacity
What is the effect of hypertrophy
Increased metabolic activity leading to increase synthesis of substances & decreased protein degradation
Resulting in improved performance
What is 2 examples of physiological hypertrophy & causes
- Increased functional demand in skeletal muscles & heart muscles
- Specific hormonal stimulation in pregnancy uterus
What is 4 examples of pathological hypertrophy & causes
- Adaptive hypertrophy in hollow muscular organs (stomach due to obstruction, urinary bladder urethral stricture & left ventricle due to HPT or aortic valve disease)
- Compensatory hypertrophy in paired organs (one kidney removed & increase in size)
- Hormonal hypertrophy like excess growth hormone = gigantism or acromegaly
- Selective hypertrophy in liver where replaced when removed
What is the definition of hyperplasia
Increase in number of cells increasing the size of organ
Can occur w/ hypertrophy
What is 2 examples of physiological hyperplasia & causes
- Hormonal like glandular epithelium in female breast at puberty & pregnancy
- Compensatory liver resection
What is 4 examples of pathological hyperplasia & causes
- Excess hormonal/growth factor stimulation like in endometrial hyperplasia, thyrotoxicosis or Cushing syndrome in ACTH
- Wound healing growth factors are produced by WBC & ECM in response to injury
- Due to viral infection like HPV that cause skin warts & squamous cell carcinoma
- Cancer as it creates space for cancer to proliferate like endometrial or HPV infections
What does atrophy mean
Shrinkage in size of cell by loss of cell substances & if sufficient number of cells involved whole organs can diminish
What is the 4 effects of atrophy
Decreased protein synthesis
Decreased mitochondria & myofilaments
Decreased endoplasmic reticulum
Increase protein catabolism
What is 3 examples of physiological atrophy & causes
- Atrophy of thymus gland after puberty
- Disuse atrophy after immobilization for long period
- Loss of hormone stimulation in atrophy of ovaries & uterus after menopause
What is 4 examples of pathological atrophy & causes
- Loss of innervation like neurological
- Starvation & malnutrition leading to general atrophy
- Senile atrophy in old age brown atrophy of heart
- Pressure atrophy due to tumor pressure on surrounding tissue
What process is common with atrophy
Autophagy where cell eats own components in attempt to find nutrient & survive
What is the meaning of metaplasia
Transformation of one type of tissue into another type of same differentiation
Why does metaplasia occur
Replaced by other cell type that will better withstand the adverse environment
What is the 2 types of metaplasia & examples
- Epithelial metaplasia squamous metaplasia of the respiratory epithelium & transitional epithelium of bladder
- Connective tissue metaplasia of cartilage to bone in old age, bone occasionally forms at foci of injury
What is the 3 criteria for dysplasia
Loss of architectural orientation of the cells
Loss of uniformity of individual cells
Increased cell growth
What is a neoplasm
Abnormal mass of tissue w/ growth that exceeds & is uncoordinated w/ that of normal tissue & persists in the same manner even if stimuli is removed
When does a neoplasm become malignant
Once it crosses the basement membrane
State the growth rate, growth pattern, differentiation form other tissue & metastasis of benign neoplasm
Slow
Expansive w/ capsule
Well differentiated
None
State the growth rate, growth pattern, differentiation form other tissue & metastasis of malignant neoplasm
Fast
Infiltration w/ no capsule
Poorly differentiated
Frequent
What is the 6 tumour histogenesis (cell tumour can arise from)
- Epithelial
- Mesodermal
- Specialized tissue
- Trophoblast
- Totipotential cells
- Embryonal
What is a benign & malignant name of squamous epithelium
Benign: squamous cell papilloma
Malignant: squamous cell carcinoma
What is a benign & malignant name of transitional epithelium
Benign: transitional cell papilloma
Malignant: transitional cell carcinoma
What is a benign & malignant name of glandular epithelium
Benign: adenoma
Malignant: adenocarcinoma
What is a benign & malignant name of basal cell epithelium
Benign: basal cell papilloma
Malignant: basal cell carcinoma
What is a benign & malignant name of smooth muscle
Benign: leiomyoma
Malignant: leiomyosarcoma
What is a benign & malignant name of striated muscle
Benign: rhabdomyoma
Malignant: rhabdomyosarcoma
What is a benign & malignant name of adipose tissue
Benign: lipoma
Malignant: liposarcoma
What is a benign & malignant name of blood vessels
Benign: angioma
Malignant: angiosarcoma
What is a benign & malignant name of cartilage
Benign: chondroma
Malignant: chondrosarcoma
What is a benign & malignant name of bone
Benign: osteoma
Malignant: osteosarcoma
What is the 4 ways in which malignant neoplasm spread
- Direct
- Lymphatic
- Haematogenous dissemination
- Transcoelomic spread
What is the 3 ways of transcoelomic spread
Pleural cavity
Pericardial cavity
Peritoneal cavity
What is the 3 ways of haematogenous spread
Systemic circulation
Portal circulation
Paravertebral plexus
What is the 2 ways of direct spread
Continuity
Contiguity
What is the 2 ways of lymphatics spread
Lymphatics permeation: neoplasticism cells grow inside lymphatics forming a tumour
Lymphatic embolism: neoplasticism cells break off & carried to lymph nodes
What is the 4 local effect of neoplasm
- Compression/obstruction
- Destruction & invasion
- Haemorrhage
- Infection §
What is 2 causes of tissue destruction
- Pressure
- Aggressive invasive properties
What is the rate of haemorrhage in neoplasm
Slow & unspectacular can lead to iron deficiency & low blood volume resulting in replacement of blood
What type of infection is common in neoplasm
Secondary infection
What 2 things cause infection in neoplasm
- Immunosupression
- Obstruction causing stasis & medium for bacteria to grow
What is 4 systemic effects of neoplasm
- Cachexia
- Anaemia
- Endocrinopathies
- Paraneoplastic syndrome
What is cachexia
Progressive loss of body fat & lean body massa
What 3 processes play a role in cachexia & explain
- Metabolic processes of cancer
- Malabsorption
- Anorexia due to loss of appetite, reduced food intake due to abnormalities in taste & central control of appetite
