Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
What is the 2 anatomy structures of the pelvis & region
A
- True pelvis:
Inferior part of pelvic bones, sacrum & coccyx
Inlet & outlet - False pelvis:
Superior region of pelvic bone & lower lumbar vertebrae
Part of abdomen
2
Q
What is the 3 cavities in the abdomen area
A
- Abdominal cavity
- Pelvic cavity
- Perineum
3
Q
What is the 3 functions of the pelvis
A
- Weight bearing
- Support & protecting viscera
- Muscle attachment
4
Q
What is the pelvic viscera
A
Reproductive organs, urinary bladder & rectum
5
Q
Where is the connection between urinary & reproductive tract
A
Pelvic cavity
6
Q
What does the perineum anchor
A
External genitalia
7
Q
What is the 2 tissue types that root of external genitalia consist of
A
Erectile or vascular tissue
Skeletal muscle
8
Q
What is another name for pelvic inlet
A
Pelvic brim
9
Q
What anatomical landmark does the pelvic inlet divide
A
True & false pelvis
10
Q
What 3 structures forms the pelvic walls
A
Bone, muscle & ligaments
11
Q
What ligaments form the greater & lesser sciatic notches
A
Sacrospinous & sacrotuberous ligaments
12
Q
What muscles is involved in forming the walls of the pelvic
A
Piriformis & obturator internus
13
Q
Where can you find the piriformis muscle
A
Greater sciatic notch
14
Q
Where can you find the obturator internus muscle
A
Lesser sciatic notch
15
Q
What lines the superior aspect of pelvic viscera
A
Peritoneum
16
Q
What is the shape of the pelvic outlet
A
Diamond shape
17
Q
What 3 bones form the pelvic outlet
A
Pubic symphysis, ischial tuberosities & coccyx
18
Q
What does the pelvic floor separate
A
Pelvic cavity from perineum
19
Q
What is the muscles of the pelvic diaphragm
A
- 3 levator ani muscles: illicoccygeus, pubococcygeus & puborectalis muscles
- Coccygeus muscles
20
Q
What is the 2 openings in the pelvic floor
A
- Urogenital hiatus
- Rectal hiatus
21
Q
What is the perineal membrane
A
Thick triangular facial sheet
22
Q
Where is the deep perineal pouch
A
Narrow region superior to perineal membrane
23
Q
Where is the perineum located
A
Inferior to pelvic floor between lower limbs
24
Q
Where is the line diving the 2 triangles
A
Between ischial tuberosity
25
What is the anterior & posterior triangles
**Anterior** urogenital triangle
**Posterior** anal triangle
26
What is the anatomical borders of the triangles (anterior, inferior & lateral)
**Anterior** pubic symphysis
**Inferior** tip of coccyx
**Lateral** ischiopubic rami & sacrotuberous ligament
27
What is the surface borders of the triangles (anterior, inferior & lateral)
**Anterior** mons pubis
**Inferior** intergluteal cleft
**Lateral** medial surface of thigh
28
In what planes are the urogenital & anal triangles
**Urogenital** horizontal plane
**Anal** tilted upwards & posteriorly
29
What is the ceiling of the anal triangle
Pelvic diaphragm
30
What is the major muscle of anal triangle
External anal sphincter
31
Where can you find the superficial perineal pouch
Urogenital triangle
Between perineal membrane & membranous layer or superficial fascia
32
What 2 tissues are found in urogenital triangle
Erectile tissue of penis/clitoris
Skeletal muscle
33
What is the 3 muscles of the penis
Ischiocavernosus, bulbospongiosus & superficial transverse perineal muscles
34
What is the major artery supplying blood to pelvis
Internal iliac artery
35
What is the flow of lymph in the pelvis
Drain into nodes associated with common iliac arteries into lateral aortic nodes associated w/ lateral surfaces of abdominal aorta into lumbar trunk then thoracic duct
36
What is the 2 innervations of the pelvic cavity
1. Visceral innervation
2. Somatic innervation
37
What is the 3 fibers of visceral innervation
Sympathetic, parasympathetic & visceral afferent fibers
38
What 2 structures does the visceral innervation innervate
Pelvic viscera & erectile tissue of perineum
39
What is the nerve of somatic innervation & the origin
Pudendal nerve
S2-4
40
What is the 4 reproductive structures
**Gonads** organs produce gametes & hormones
**Ducts** receive & transport gametes
**Accessory glands** secret fluid into ducts
Perineal structure known as **external genitalia**
41
What is the pathway of sperm
1. Testes
2. Epididymis
3. Vas deference
4. Seminal vesicles
5. Prostate
6. Bulbourethral gland
7. Urethra
42
What is the scrotum
A fleshy pouch enclosing the testes inferior to perineum
43
What divides the testes into 2 chambers
Midline raphe
44
What is the 2 muscles of the scrotum
1. Dartos muscle
2. Cremaster muscle
45
What is the type of muscle & function of Dartos muscle
Smooth muscle in dermis
Wrinkling of scrotal surface
46
What is the type of muscle & function of Cremaster muscle
Skeletal muscle in deep dermis & extends to penis
Tenses scrotum & pulls testes up with decreased temperature & sexual arousal
47
What is the shape of the testes & to what do they attach
Ellipsis
Spermatic cord
48
What is the 2 layers that cover the testes
1. Tunica vaginalis: serous membrane w/ parietal & visceral layers
2. Tunica albuginae: dense layer of connective tissue rich in collagen that divides into lobules
49
What is the function of seminiferous tubules
Aids in production & maturation of sperm & testosterone
50
What is the flow of sperm from seminiferous tubules to epididymis
Seminiferous tubules to rete testes to efferent tubules and then epididymis for storage & maturation
51
What type of organ is the penis
Copulatory & urinary
52
What is the 3 parts of the penis
Root is fixed w/ 2 crura & bulb of penis
Body is free covered by skin & free parts of corpora
Head/glans expanded free end of corpus spongiosum (frenulum, corona, neck & prepuce)
53
What is the function of areolar tissue in the penis
Allow skin to move freely
54
What 3 structures does the subcutaneous layer of the penis contain
Superficial arteries, veins & lymphatics
55
What is the prepuce
Fold skin surround top of penis w/ glands
56
What does the prepuce glands secrete
Waxy material, smegma, that support bacterial growth
57
What is circumcision & 2 reasons why is it performed
Surgical removal
Preventive infection & penile cancer
58
Where is erectile tissue found
Body of penis
59
What is the 2 structures of the erectile tissue
1. Corpora cavernousa
2. Corpora spongiosum
60
What is the corpora cavernosa
Two cylindrical masses of erectile tissue encircled by dense collagenous sheath
61
What is the area called where diverge at the base of the penis
Crus
62
What is the extend of the corpora caverosa tissue
To the neck of the penis
63
What is the extend of the corpora spongiosum
Extends to the tips of penis
64
What is the corpora spongiosum
Slender erectile body that surrounds distal portion of urethra encircled w/ sheath of elastic fibers
65
What does the spermatic cord contain
Vas deference, blood vessels, nerves & lympathics
66
What is the path of the spermatic cord
Begin at entrance to inguinal canal, passage through abdominal musculature & descend into scrotum via superficial inguinal ring
67
What is the artery & vein blood supply
Deferential artery
Testicular artery
Pampiniform plexus of testicular vein
68
What is the nerve supply to the testes
Branched of genitofemoral nerve from lumbar plexus
69
What is the epididymis
A single coiled duct posterolateral sides of testes
70
What is the 3 parts of the epididymis
**Head** formed from efferent ducts from rete testis
**Body** heavily coiled ducts of epididymis
**Tail** distal & marks origin of vas deferens
71
What is the 4 function of epididymis
Sperm maturation
Transport sperm to vas deferens
Monitor & adjust composition of fluid produced by seminiferous tubules
Recycle damaged sperm
72
What is the vas deference
40-45cm part of spermatic cord duct that starts at tail of epididymis
73
What is the pathways of the vascular deference
Ascends through inguinal canal, curves inferiority along bladder towards prostate & seminal glands
74
Why does the vas deference contain smooth muscle
Peristaltic contraction to propel sperm & fluid
75
What is the 4 parts of the male urethra
Preprostatic, prostatic, membranous & spongy
76
What is the 4 functions of accessory glands
Activate sperm
Provide nutrients sperm need for motility
Propel sperm & fluids along reproductive tract (peristaltic contractions)
Produce buffers to counteract acidity of urethral & vaginal environments
77
What is the 3 accessory ducts of male reproductive tract
1. Seminal vesicle
2. Prostate gland
3. Bulbourethral glands
78
What is the seminal vesicle
An outgrowth of vas deference & joins it to become ejaculatory duct
79
Where is the prostate gland located
Inferior to bladder, posterior to pubic symphysis & anterior to rectum
80
Where does the prostate gland open
Into the wall of prostatic urethra via 30-40 ducts
81
Where is the bulbourethral gland located & appearance
Deep perineal pouch
Small pea shaped mucous gland
82
Where does the bulbourethral gland open
Spongy urethra
83
What is the 2 functions for the bulbourethral gland
1. Lubrication
2. Pre-ejaculatory emission
