Prostate Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Risk factors of prostate cancer

A

Increasing age
Family history
BRCA2 gene mutation
Ethnicity - black people + Asians

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2
Q

What zone of the prostate are prostate cancers most commonly found?

A

peripheral zone

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3
Q

Presentation of prostate cancer

A
  • Symptoms of UTI
  • bone pain due to prostatism or metastatic disease in bone (often spine)
  • raised PSA
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4
Q

Prostate cancer in digital rectal exam

A

Hard
Irregular

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5
Q

Causes of raised prostate specific antigen

A

Prostate cancer
Infection
Inflammation
Large prostate
Urinary retention

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6
Q

Staging of prostate cancer

A

TNM staging

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7
Q

Should a prostate specific antigen test be done before or after a digital rectal exam?

A

PSA before DRE
DRE can cause elevated PSA

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8
Q

Histological grading of prostate cancer

A

Gleason classification

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9
Q

Diagnosis of prostate cancer

A
  • hard + irregular prostate on DRE
  • biopsy
  • ultrasound
  • increased PSA
  • radiographs + bone scans to stage + identify metastatic spread
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10
Q

What can patients with advanced prostate cancer develop?

A

Sclerotic bone legions

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11
Q

Treatment of localised prostate cancer

A

Depends on stage on tumour
- surgery - prostatectomy
- hormone therapy
- radiotherapy if unfit for surgery
- surveillance

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12
Q

Side effects of radiotherapy

A
  • discomfort around radiotherapy site
  • diarrhoea
  • loss of pubic hair
  • tiredness
  • inflammation of bladder lining
  • erectile dysfunction
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13
Q

Side effects of prostatectomy

A

Urinary Incontience
Erectile dysfunction
Infertility

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14
Q

What are the emerging treatments of prostate cancer?

A
  • Brachytherapy: radiation dose delivered inside prostate gland
  • High intensity focused ultrasound: uses US waves to destroy cancerous prostate tissue
  • Cryotherapy: cryoneedles inserted into prostate gland through rectum > freeze prostate gland
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15
Q

Treatment of advanced prostate cancer

A
  • hormone manipulation: testosterone promotes tumour growth
  • surgical castration
  • medical castration (LHRH, GnRH agonist)
  • palliative care
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16
Q

Side effects of castration

A
  • hot flashes
  • impotence (ED)
  • thinning of bones
  • diminishes muscle mass
  • increase breast size
  • weight gain
  • mood changes