Prostate Flashcards by Ysabella Hartnett

During embryogenesis, all embryos start out with what

2 paired sex ducts

1) mesonephric or wolffian duct
2) paramesonephric or mullerian ducts

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What duct is responsible for development of the male reproductive system

Mesonephric duct

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What duct forms the female reproductive system

paramesonephric duct

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In what gestational week does the prostate begin to form

11th

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In a young adult what does the prostate measure

4 X 3 X 2

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What structure is the primary anatomic reference point dividing the gland into an anterior fibromuscular portion and a posterior glandular portion

Urethra

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What zone is the most common location for carcinoma and prostatitis

Peripheral zone

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What zone has a homogenous, isoechoic echotexture

Peripheral zone

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What are reservoirs for seminal fluid that fluctuate in size and shape secondary to levels of sexual activity

Seminal vesicles

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The arterial supply of the prostate is via the

1) internal pudendal
2) inferior vesicle
3) middle rectal

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The internal pudendal, inferior vesical, and middle recatal arteries are branches of what artery

Internal iliac artery

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This portion of the prostate is inferior portion of the gland situated superior to the urogenital diaphragm

Apex

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This portion of the prostate is superior portion of the gland situated below the inferior margin of the urinary bladder

Base

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What has 2 sac-like out-pouchings of the vas deferens situated adjacent to the superior/posterior aspect of the prostate, between the urinary bladder and rectum

Seminal vesicles

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What is a duct that passes through the central zone and empties into the urethra. This duct originates from the combination of the vas deferens and the seminal vesicles

Ejaculatory ducts

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This is small elevation of the urethral crest in which the orifices of the ejactulatory ducts are located on either side

Verumontanum

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These are calcifications commonly seen in the inner gland of the prostate

Corpora amylacea

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Demarcation between the inner gland and outer gland

Surgical capsule

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The inner gland of the prostate are apart of what 2 zones

Centeral and transitional zones

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The outer gland is apart of what zone

peripheral zone

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This is the junction of the ejaculatory ducts and the urethra at the verumontanum

Eiffel tower sign

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The prostate has 2 glandular zones. What are they?

1) peripheral
2) central
3) tranisitional

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The original concept of a 5 lobed prostate has been replaced by what concept of zonal architecture

McNeal

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What zone is imaged by the rectum

peripheral

This zone is located posteriorly of the prostate containing 70% of the prostatic glandaular tissue

Peripheral zone

This zone is located superiorly to the prostate containing 25% of the prostatic glandular tissue

Central

This zone contains 5% of the prostatic glandular tissue. It is the site of origin of benign prostatic hyperplasia

Transitional zone

What is located anteriorly and is a non-glandular portion of the prostate

Fibromuscular stroma

Name the 3 indications for transrectal US

1) abnormal digital rectal exams 2) abnormal lab test (PSA, acid phosphatase) 3) guidance of biopsy

When doing a transrectal ultrasound where is the rectum displayed on the screen

The bottom

What are the 2 lab values for the prostate

1) PSA (prostate-specific Antigen) | 2) Serum acid phosphatase

PSA levels are used to suggest the presence of

Cancer

Serum acid phosphatase is elevated in association with

prostate carcinoma

What is the classic appearance of prostate cancer on ultrasound

hypoechoic, peripherally- oriented lesion

Currently, all prostate cancer screening is done by

PSA levels

All men over what age should have a routine yearly PSA and digital rectal exam

All African-American men and men with a positive family history of prostate cancer should be routinely screened starting at the age of

Name the 4 Tumor node staging system

T1 T2 T3 T4

This stage is clinically nonpalpable

This stage is a palpable nodule confined to prostate

This stage is a palpable nodule extending through the capsule

This stage is seen as metastases

Currently, ultrasound guided prostate biopsy is performed by what approach

Transrectal approach

Preparation for biopsy includes

1) cleansing enema | 2) antibiotics prior to and following procedure

Name the 2 methods of a prostate biopsy

1) systematic, sextant biopsy | 2) Lesion directed biopsy

This method is divided into 6 areas obtaining a sample from each area. This has become the standard

Systemic, sextant biopsy

This method of biopsy is infrequently used except for patients with a palpable or songraphically visualized lesion

Lesion direct biopsy

What is an enlargement of the prostate that occurs in the periurethral and transitional zones of the gland

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Name the 3 symptoms of BPH

1) difficult initiation of voiding 2) urinary frequency 3) small stream

What is the most common cancer in American men, and is the second most deadly male cancer

Prostate cancer

What ethnicity has a great risk of developing prostate cancer

African Americans

What is called the "beak" sign

The seminal vescile

When the ejaculatory ducts are involved, a ____ sign may be seen on transverse images

Halo

If absence of a seminal vesicle or vas deferens were suspected, what area should also be evaluated?

The kidneys

If the prostate is found to be enlarged, which of the following should the sonographer also check? a) spleen for enlargement b) scrotum for hydroceles c) kidneys for hydro d) liver for metastases e) gallbladder for stones

c) kidneys for hydro

The fibromuscular stroma of the prostate is called a) peripheral b) central c) anterior d) transitional

c) anterior

Which portion of the bladder is in direct contact with the anterior vaginal wall/prostate a) base b) apex c) dome d) fundus

a) base

Which of the following prostate abnormalities most significantly elevates the amount of serum prostate specific antigen in lab testing a) prostatitis b) carcinoma c) abscess d) benign prostatic hypertrophy

b) carcinoma

The______ is a part of the prostate gland that is mostly composed of smooth muscle cells and makes up approx 1/3 of the gland. a) fibromuscular gland b) transitional gland c) central zone d) peripheral zone

a) fibromuscular gland