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ARDMS Abdominal Review > Prostate > Flashcards

Prostate Flashcards

1
Q

During embryogenesis, all embryos start out with what

A

2 paired sex ducts

1) mesonephric or wolffian duct
2) paramesonephric or mullerian ducts

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2
Q

What duct is responsible for development of the male reproductive system

A

Mesonephric duct

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3
Q

What duct forms the female reproductive system

A

paramesonephric duct

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4
Q

In what gestational week does the prostate begin to form

A

11th

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5
Q

In a young adult what does the prostate measure

A

4 X 3 X 2

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6
Q

What structure is the primary anatomic reference point dividing the gland into an anterior fibromuscular portion and a posterior glandular portion

A

Urethra

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7
Q

What zone is the most common location for carcinoma and prostatitis

A

Peripheral zone

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8
Q

What zone has a homogenous, isoechoic echotexture

A

Peripheral zone

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9
Q

What are reservoirs for seminal fluid that fluctuate in size and shape secondary to levels of sexual activity

A

Seminal vesicles

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10
Q

The arterial supply of the prostate is via the

A

1) internal pudendal
2) inferior vesicle
3) middle rectal

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11
Q

The internal pudendal, inferior vesical, and middle recatal arteries are branches of what artery

A

Internal iliac artery

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12
Q

This portion of the prostate is inferior portion of the gland situated superior to the urogenital diaphragm

A

Apex

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13
Q

This portion of the prostate is superior portion of the gland situated below the inferior margin of the urinary bladder

A

Base

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14
Q

What has 2 sac-like out-pouchings of the vas deferens situated adjacent to the superior/posterior aspect of the prostate, between the urinary bladder and rectum

A

Seminal vesicles

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15
Q

What is a duct that passes through the central zone and empties into the urethra. This duct originates from the combination of the vas deferens and the seminal vesicles

A

Ejaculatory ducts

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16
Q

This is small elevation of the urethral crest in which the orifices of the ejactulatory ducts are located on either side

A

Verumontanum

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17
Q

These are calcifications commonly seen in the inner gland of the prostate

A

Corpora amylacea

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18
Q

Demarcation between the inner gland and outer gland

A

Surgical capsule

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19
Q

The inner gland of the prostate are apart of what 2 zones

A

Centeral and transitional zones

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20
Q

The outer gland is apart of what zone

A

peripheral zone

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21
Q

This is the junction of the ejaculatory ducts and the urethra at the verumontanum

A

Eiffel tower sign

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22
Q

The prostate has 2 glandular zones. What are they?

A

1) peripheral
2) central
3) tranisitional

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23
Q

The original concept of a 5 lobed prostate has been replaced by what concept of zonal architecture

A

McNeal

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24
Q

What zone is imaged by the rectum

A

peripheral

25
Q

This zone is located posteriorly of the prostate containing 70% of the prostatic glandaular tissue

A

Peripheral zone

26
Q

This zone is located superiorly to the prostate containing 25% of the prostatic glandular tissue

A

Central

27
Q

This zone contains 5% of the prostatic glandular tissue. It is the site of origin of benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

Transitional zone

28
Q

What is located anteriorly and is a non-glandular portion of the prostate

A

Fibromuscular stroma

29
Q

Name the 3 indications for transrectal US

A

1) abnormal digital rectal exams
2) abnormal lab test (PSA, acid phosphatase)
3) guidance of biopsy

30
Q

When doing a transrectal ultrasound where is the rectum displayed on the screen

A

The bottom

31
Q

What are the 2 lab values for the prostate

A

1) PSA (prostate-specific Antigen)

2) Serum acid phosphatase

32
Q

PSA levels are used to suggest the presence of

A

Cancer

33
Q

Serum acid phosphatase is elevated in association with

A

prostate carcinoma

34
Q

What is the classic appearance of prostate cancer on ultrasound

A

hypoechoic, peripherally- oriented lesion

35
Q

Currently, all prostate cancer screening is done by

A

PSA levels

36
Q

All men over what age should have a routine yearly PSA and digital rectal exam

A

50

37
Q

All African-American men and men with a positive family history of prostate cancer should be routinely screened starting at the age of

A

40

38
Q

Name the 4 Tumor node staging system

A

T1
T2
T3
T4

39
Q

This stage is clinically nonpalpable

A

T1

40
Q

This stage is a palpable nodule confined to prostate

A

T2

41
Q

This stage is a palpable nodule extending through the capsule

A

T3

42
Q

This stage is seen as metastases

A

T4

43
Q

Currently, ultrasound guided prostate biopsy is performed by what approach

A

Transrectal approach

44
Q

Preparation for biopsy includes

A

1) cleansing enema

2) antibiotics prior to and following procedure

45
Q

Name the 2 methods of a prostate biopsy

A

1) systematic, sextant biopsy

2) Lesion directed biopsy

46
Q

This method is divided into 6 areas obtaining a sample from each area. This has become the standard

A

Systemic, sextant biopsy

47
Q

This method of biopsy is infrequently used except for patients with a palpable or songraphically visualized lesion

A

Lesion direct biopsy

48
Q

What is an enlargement of the prostate that occurs in the periurethral and transitional zones of the gland

A

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

49
Q

Name the 3 symptoms of BPH

A

1) difficult initiation of voiding
2) urinary frequency
3) small stream

50
Q

What is the most common cancer in American men, and is the second most deadly male cancer

A

Prostate cancer

51
Q

What ethnicity has a great risk of developing prostate cancer

A

African Americans

52
Q

What is called the “beak” sign

A

The seminal vescile

53
Q

When the ejaculatory ducts are involved, a ____ sign may be seen on transverse images

A

Halo

54
Q

If absence of a seminal vesicle or vas deferens were suspected, what area should also be evaluated?

A

The kidneys

55
Q

If the prostate is found to be enlarged, which of the following should the sonographer also check?

a) spleen for enlargement
b) scrotum for hydroceles
c) kidneys for hydro
d) liver for metastases
e) gallbladder for stones

A

c) kidneys for hydro

56
Q

The fibromuscular stroma of the prostate is called

a) peripheral
b) central
c) anterior
d) transitional

A

c) anterior

57
Q

Which portion of the bladder is in direct contact with the anterior vaginal wall/prostate

a) base
b) apex
c) dome
d) fundus

A

a) base

58
Q

Which of the following prostate abnormalities most significantly elevates the amount of serum prostate specific antigen in lab testing

a) prostatitis
b) carcinoma
c) abscess
d) benign prostatic hypertrophy

A

b) carcinoma

59
Q

The______ is a part of the prostate gland that is mostly composed of smooth muscle cells and makes up approx 1/3 of the gland.

a) fibromuscular gland
b) transitional gland
c) central zone
d) peripheral zone

A

a) fibromuscular gland

ARDMS Abdominal Review (14 decks)

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