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ARDMS Abdominal Review > abdominal wall, superficial and muscular structures > Flashcards

abdominal wall, superficial and muscular structures Flashcards

1
Q

Gas within an abscess may produce what type of artifact

A

Reverberation (comet- tail) artifact

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2
Q

Abscesses typically demonstrate what type of enhancement

A

Posterior

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3
Q

Name the 2 most reliable findings in patients with abscesses

A

1) presence of fever

2) increased WBC count

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4
Q

What is a fibrous tissue network located between the skin and the underlying structures

A

Fascia

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5
Q

What are layers of flat tendinous fibrous sheets fused with strong connective tissue that serves as tendons to attach muscles to fixed points

A

Aponeuroses

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6
Q

The human body contains 2 major cavities what are they?

A

1) ventral ( anterior)

2) dorsal ( posterior)

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7
Q

What is a glistening lining of the abdominopelvic cavity formed by a single layer of epithelial cells and supporting connective tissue

A

The parietal peritoneum

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8
Q

The dorsal cavity is divided into what 2 cavities?

A

1) cranial cavity

2) spinal cavity

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9
Q

What are extrahepatic collections of extravasted bile

A

Biloma

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10
Q

Name 3 things bilomas are caused by

A

1) abdominal trauma
2) gallbladder disease
3) biliary surgery

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11
Q

Where are bilomas typically located

A

in the RUQ

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12
Q

What muscle is a long, broad, vertical, strap- like muscle that is mostly enclosed in the rectus sheath

A

Rectus abdominis

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13
Q

What muscle is a small triangular muscle

A

Pyramidalis

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14
Q

What is a strong, fibrous compartment for the rectus abdominis and pyramidalis muscles as well as some arteries, vein, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

A

Rectus sheath

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15
Q

What is the area where all layers of the anterolateral abdominal wall fuse

A

Umbilicus

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16
Q

Ascites can be caused by all of the following except:

a) malignancy
b) nephritic syndrome
c) congestive heart failure
d) tuberculosis
e) adenomyomatosis

A

e) adenomyomatosis

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17
Q

Name the 3 main bilaterally paired muscles comprising the posterior abdominal wall

A

1) psoas major
2) iliacus
3) quadratus lumborum

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18
Q

Which crus ( right or left) is larger and longer?

A

Right

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19
Q

Name the 3 larger diaphragmatic apertures

A

1) caval hiatus
2) esophageal
3) aortic

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20
Q

The caval hiatus is primarily for what vessel

A

IVC

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21
Q

What is the excessive accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity called

A

Ascites

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22
Q

Name the 2 mechanisms that produce ascites

A

1) low serum osmotic pressure (protein loss)

2) high portal venous pressure

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23
Q

Name the 6 causes of ascites

A

1) cirrhosis ( most common)
2) hypoalbuminemia ( decreased protein)
3) budd-chiari syndrome
4) heart failure
5) cancer
6) nephrotic syndrome (protein loss)

24
Q

Hypoalbuminemia (low protein ) can be the result of

A

1) liver failure
2) nephrotic syndrome
3) malnutrition

25
Q

What can successfully treat ascites by lowering portal pressure

A

Transjugular intrahepatic portal-systemic shunting

26
Q

Ascites is commonly found at the

A

1) inferior aspect of the right lobe of the liver
2) morisons pouch
3) pelvic cul de sac
4) paracolic gutters

27
Q

What is frequently seen with ascites

A

Gallbladder thickening

28
Q

What type of ascites is indicated by freely floating bowel

A

Benign ascites

29
Q

Name the 4 indications of imflammatory response

A

1) heat
2) redness
3) pain
4) swelling

30
Q

What type of inflammation describes a condition in which a purulent exudate is accompained by significant liquefactive necrosis

A

Suppurative inflammation

31
Q

The term supprurative refers to

A

formation of pus

32
Q

The breakdown of muscle caused by injury is called

A

Rhabdomyolysis

33
Q

A collection of serum in the tissue resulting from a surgical incision or from the liquefication of a hematoma is called

A

Seroma

34
Q

what is the most common type of ventral hernia

A

Umbilical hernia

35
Q

What type of hernia is a delayed complication caused by abdominal surgery, which leaves a weak abdominal wall

A

Incisional hernia

36
Q

What is the most common benign masses of the abdominal wall and subcutaneous tissue?

A

Lipoma

37
Q

Which of the following is the membrane that lines the abdominal cavity

a) visceral peritoneum
b) parietal peritoneum
c) pleura
d) endometrial lining
e) serosal lining

A

b) parietal peritoneum

38
Q

Which of the following is not located in the peritoneal cavity

a) gallbladder
b) liver
c) spleen
d) pancreas
e) hepatic vein

A

d) pancreas

39
Q

What is another name for pleural effusion

A

hydrothorax

40
Q

What are the 4 common causes of pleural effusions

A

1) cancer
2) heart failure
3) pneumonia
4) tuberculosis

41
Q

What is the most common benign tumor of the diaphragm

A

Lipoma

42
Q

What is the most common malignant neoplasm of the diaphragm

A

Fibrosarcoma

43
Q

Name 4 complications of lymphocele

A

1) renal transplantation
2) gynecologic surgery
3) vascular surgery
4) urological surgery

44
Q

What is a collection of urine which is located outside the kidney or bladder

A

Urinoma

45
Q

Name 2 things urinomas are commonly associated with

A

1) renal transplantation

2) posterior urethral valve obstruction

46
Q

Name the most common type of hernia

A

Inguinal

47
Q

What type of hernia creates a soft swelling or bulge near the naval

A

umbilical hernia

48
Q

What type of hernia occurs when tissue protrudes throught a weak spot in the abdominal muscles

A

Inguinal hernia

49
Q

Which of the following is located between the transversalis fascia and the posterior parietal peritoneum?

a) linea alba
b) stomach
c) spleen
d) pancreas

A

d) pancreas

50
Q

What type of transducer is best used to image the abdominal wall

A

High frequency, short focal zone 7.5MHz or higher linear array transducers

51
Q

Name the 4 main indications of inflammatory response

A

1) heat
2) pain
3) redness
4) swelling

52
Q

What type of hernia is located at the inferior end of the semicircular line, which is inferior to the arcuate line where the posterior rectus sheath is absent

A

Spigelian hernia

53
Q

Ascites is usually associated with all of the following except

a) hepatoma
b) congestive heart failure
c) renal failure
d) oncocytoma

A

d) oncocytoma

54
Q

What is a epiploic appendagitis

a) a fatal type of diverticulitis
b) another term to describe crohn disease
c) inflammation of the thick fatty strands that attach to the serosal surface of the colon
d) perforated appendix with pericolic fluid

A

c) inflammation of the thick fatty strands that attach to the serosal surface of the colon

55
Q

Which of the following describes the best way to image the patellar tendon with ultrasound

a) the central portion of the tendon is best imaged from the anterior approach
b) due to the proximity of the tendon to bone, the patellar tendon cannot be evaluated with US
c) evaluate the patellar attachments from an anterior approach
d) patient must be evaluated with the leg fully extended

A

c) evaluate the patellar attachments from an anterior approach

56
Q

If a patient presents with a history of right breast cancer and you identify a solid liver mass with a hypoechoic halo, what is the most likley diagnosis of the finding

a) hepatic adenoma
b) focal nodular hyperplasia
c) hepatocellular carcinoma
d) hepatic metastasis

A

d) hepatic metastasis

57
Q

What is the key anatomic landmark in differentiating direct, indirect, and spigelian hernias

a) linea alba
b) inferior epigastric artery
c) internal iliac artery
d) rectus abdominis muscles

A

b) inferior epigastric artery
direct inguinal- herniated structures medial to the IEA
indirect inguinal- herniated structures lateral to the IEA
spigelian- herniated structures located just lateral to where the spigelian fascia is penetrated by the IEA

ARDMS Abdominal Review (14 decks)

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