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SPID - Relationships > Prosocial Behaviour > Flashcards

Prosocial Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

Prosocial beh

A

Beh valued by SOC

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2
Q

Helping beh

A

Beh that intentionally helps others

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3
Q

Altruism

A

Helping beh that can costly to the helper + is done without the expectation of personal gain

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4
Q

kin selection - evolution explanation

A
  • we are more likely to help those genetically related to US - survival of the genes
  • kinship effect = more likely to help those closer to us
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5
Q

Problems with kin selection explanation

A
  • can’t explain beh aimed at those not genetically related
  • Little human evidence
  • doesn’t consider env factors
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6
Q

Role of empathy

A
  • emotional response to others distress
  • requires perspective taking skill
  • females report higher levels than men
  • feeling empathy when others are distressed uncomfortable = help to stop uncomfortable
  • prosocial beh to reduce unpleasant feelings
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7
Q

Bystander calculus Model ( Piliavin et al)

A
  • more likely to be physiologically aroused if we are close to them/ feel similar
  • often label arousal as empathy
  • more likely to show empathy if we feel similar to them
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8
Q

Learning Theory - How do children learn to be helpful

A
  • prosocial beh learned during childhood through rewards + punishments
  • Telling children to be helpful = helpful beh
  • Gruzec et al - invited children to play bowling with experimenter to win marbles
  • 3 methods of teaching : instructing ( telling child to donate marble) , modelling (experimenter donates) or both
  • Results show no difference in methods
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9
Q

Learning Theory - Internalising parental messages to be prosocial

A
  • Gruzec+ Goodnow
  • Accurate perception of message + acceptance of message = internalising
  • Accurate perception: pas intentions, given attention , fits into schemas
  • Acceptance: parent pleased with beh , Autonomy of Childs actions - more likely to accept if believe they have a choice
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10
Q

Learning Theory - Reinforcement + Modelling

A
  • Rushton + Teachman
  • modelling = demonstrating desired beh
  • Reinforcement = rewarding/punishing beh
  • children invited to bowling + all won 32 tickets, poster saying they could donate tokens
  • experimenter modelled + donated some
  • 6 conditions
  • modelling + pos reinforcement saw the most tokens donated
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11
Q

Bystander effect + helping

A

In large groups diffusion of responsibility occurs- decreases indiv responsibility
- someone else will do it mindset
- when witnessing a crime alone 75% report but when with others only 10% report

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12
Q

Latane + Darley’s cog model of helping

A

Attending to what happens + event seen As emergency + assume responsibility + decide what can be done = give help
- Assume responsibility depends on bystanders

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13
Q

physical presence of bystanders - Darley + Latane

A
  • put into booths with microphones to talk to other ‘students’
  • recording played a student having a seizure
  • can’t communicate with other students - only 1 microphone at once
  • ever when don’t physically see other students , when in a larger group less likely to
    help = Bystander effect
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14
Q

Number of help-seekers + helping beh

A
  • slovic: helpers tend to feel more empathy for single help-seekers compared to group help- seekers
  • cost-benefit calculation by help-seekers (embarrassment VS value of help)
  • Bystander calculus model = cost of heIping more than 1 person could be higher than helping just 1
  • Roy et al : indivs more likely to help an indiv help-seeker compared to 2 due to higher levels of neg affect
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15
Q

Helping similar people - Ingroup members - Levine et al

A
  • Man u supporters walked into another building + saw someone slip over
  • 3 conditions: man u , Liverpool or plain shirt
  • sig more likely to help when in man u shirt VS any other shirt
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16
Q

Mood + helping beh

A
  • good mood = more helping beh because more sensitive to others needs + more optimistic
  • Bad mood = fewer helping beh because more internally focused
  • BUT neg feelings (guilt) can lead to more helping
17
Q

Guilt + helping

A
  • emotion motivates you to make things right
  • restore equilibrium in emotions
  • guilt- relevant beh present in 2 year 2 year olds, only 3 year olds
18
Q

personal attributes predict prosocial beh

A
  • Cupara, Alessandri + Eisenberg
  • people who score high attributes of agreeableness + empathetic self efficacy more likely to engage in prosocial beh
  • People helping in emergencies tend to be taller stronger
19
Q

Attachment + helping beh

A
  • Mikulincer
  • Attachment styles established in childhood
  • securely attached = more compassionate
  • children who share, help + comfort continue to do so in adulthood
20
Q

Living in big cities prosocial beh

A
  • Amato systematic study of effect population size on helping
  • As population size of the town increased, helping beh decreased
  • Larger populations are in urban settings which may be more influential on helping beh rather than population size
21
Q

competence t prosocial beh

A

-Korte -> feeling competent in emergencies makes you more likely to give help
- Midlarsky -> people told they have high tolerance for electric shuck more willing to help people move electrically charged objects
- snotland Heinold-> stranger who was bleeding, people with first aid training helped more than untrained

22
Q

Leaders + prosocial beh

A
  • Acting as a leader makes you appear more competent
  • Baumeister, Chesner, senders + Tice
  • Being a leader act as a cue to generalised responsibility
  • Leaders don’t experience same degree of diffusion of responsibility as others
23
Q

Gender differences + prosocial beh

A
  • men are more likely to help women
  • Pomazal + clore-> when person in need of help is female, passing cars more likely to stop than for a man, person stopping more likely to be an alone young man
  • sexual attraction plays a role
  • more physically attractive women receive more help (Benson)
  • Przybyla -> All males who had seen erotic video motivated to help female help -seeker, more aroused women felt less likely to help
24
Q

Helping to prevent crime

A
  • prior commitment can induce prosocial (agreeing to be responsible in advance)
  • people more likely to help others it they feel they are responsible whilst witnessing a crime
  • Moriaty -> 95% of those engaged with person being robbed ran after the thief
25
Q
A

SPID - Relationships (9 decks)

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