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PSYC2040 > Prosocial and Antisocial Behaviour > Flashcards

Prosocial and Antisocial Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

What is a basic definition of aggression?

A

Behaviour intended to harm another, regardless of whether it succeeds

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2
Q

What do social psychologists say is the most important part of defining aggression?

A

Intentional behaviour

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3
Q

What is proactive aggression?

A

Means to achieve a goal, not accompanied by anger.

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4
Q

How is reactive aggression different from proactive aggression?

A
  • The goal itself is to inflict harm

- Stems from anger

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5
Q

What is direct aggression?

A

Physical or verbal behaviour

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6
Q

What are gender differences in direct and indirect aggression?

A

Men are higher in direct aggression. Women higher in indirect aggression.

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7
Q

What is indirect aggression?

A

Relational: damaging relationships or social status.

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8
Q

What is relational aggression?

A

A form of indirect aggression

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9
Q

How has aggression been operationalised? (6 examples)

A
  • self-report (questionnaires)
  • electric shock paradigm
  • noise blast paradigm (Taylor)
  • Cold-pressor task or uncomfortable pose tasks
  • voodoo doll aggression
  • hot sauce paradigm

Usually involving the administering of harmful behaviour onto an ostensibly real other person.

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10
Q

What are the determinants of aggression?

A
  • Instinct
  • Evolution
  • Frustration
  • Cognitive Neuroassociation Theory
  • Deindividuation
  • Social Learning Theory
  • Media effects
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11
Q

What is the instinct explanation for aggression?

A

Aggression is a basic human instinct (Freud).

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12
Q

What evidence supports the existence of an instinct to be aggressive?

A

Parents have to discipline their children

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13
Q

What is the catharsis hypothesis?

A

“Get it out of your system” - witnessing or participating in aggressive behaviour reduces the drive for aggression.

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14
Q

Why is the catharsis hypothesis wrong?

A

Being aggressive actually increases aggressiveness.

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15
Q

What is the evolutionary hypothesis for aggression?

A

Aggression is adaptive trait and has been naturally selected. It’s beneficial for survival and mate selection.

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16
Q

Why do we see more physical aggression in men? (3)

A
  • mate value
  • secure status by dominating other males
  • females choose males who can protect/provide resources.
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17
Q

What evidence is there that aggression is genetic? (2)

A

Mice can be selectively bred to be aggressive. And twin/adoption studies show 50% heritability.

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18
Q

What is the frustration-Aggression hypothesis?

A

Failure to achieve a goal causes frustration, which leads to aggression. Aggression is transferred onto something else when the cause of frustration cannot be directly addressed.

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19
Q

How does the cognitive neuroassociation theory expand on frustration-aggression hypothesis?

A

Frustration does not always lead to aggression. So this is a more complex model.

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20
Q

What is the cognitive neuroassociation model?

A

Aggression related or aversive stimulus produce both negative affect and physiological arousal. This creates a tendency to ‘fight or flight’.

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21
Q

Why should we ban guns (theoretically speaking)?

A

Because of the effect of stimulus pairing. Having a gun on the table can trigger aggressive affect/arousal.

22
Q

What are examples of aversive or aggression related stimulus?

A

hot temp., perceived hostility, frustration etc

23
Q

How does deindividuation contribute to aggression?

A

Fear negative evaluation less, as a consequence of anonymity

24
Q

What process leads to suicide bating?

A

Deindividuation.

25
Q

What was the effect of sex in the Bobo doll study?

A

Same sex models produced greater imitative effects.

26
Q

What surprising about the Bobo Doll study?

A

Children displayed novel aggressive behaviours which were not modelled. They extended the model given..

27
Q

What are possible indirect media effects on aggression?

A
  • modelling/imitation
  • excitation transfer: arousal
  • stimulus paring: presence of weapons
  • social scripts
  • hostile perceptions/attribution
  • attitudes and values which normalise aggression
28
Q

Desensitisation is not up for debate. Why?

A

It’s a well established effect. Reduced arousal, sensitivity, empathy.

29
Q

What’s a fencesitter’s perspective on media effects?

A

Violent media has the strongest effect on those already inclined to violence.

30
Q

What are three causal explanations for violent media effects?

A
  1. Aggressive people prefer violent media (selection)
  2. Watching media makes people aggressive (socialisation)
  3. A third (unknown) variable causes both
31
Q

What’s the most consistent approach to reducing aggression?

A

SLT parents trained to model non-aggressive problem solving behaviour.

32
Q

What 3 types of formal training can be used to reduce aggression?

A

Training in empathy, communication, problem solving.
Critical media analysis skills in children.
Effective child-rearing.

33
Q

What’s the difference between altruism and pro social behaviour?

A

Prosocial behaviour is helping behaviour for any reason. Altruism is the same but the reason is for the sole purpose of helping. There is no expectation of reward, even if there is a cost.

34
Q

What are the determinants of prosocial behaviour? (5)

A
  • evolution
  • social learning
  • social exchange theory
  • empathy altruism hypothesis
  • mood
35
Q

What is kin selection?

A

Help relatives because it increases the survival of our own genes.

36
Q

Why does the norm of reciprocity exist?

A

Cooperation is an adaptive trait.

37
Q

Findings of the Flat Tyre Experiment (Byron & Test 1967)?

A

More male drivers stopped more to help a female when the behaviour was already modelled.

38
Q

What is social exchange theory?

A

Behaviour is motivated by a cost vs benefits analysis.

39
Q

What can be gained from prosocial behaviour? (4)

A
  • increases later help from others
  • relieves distress of bystanding
  • social approval
  • more self worth
40
Q

What is the Empathy-Altruism hypothesis?

A

Altruism increases when we feel empathy. Empathy is a key variable.

41
Q

Findings of the Helping Carol Study (Toi & Bateson, 1982)?

A

When empathy is high, there is no social exchange considered. (People help regardless when they feel empathy). When empathy is low people start to weigh up the costs vs benefits.

42
Q

What is the negative-state relief model?

A

People engage in prosocial behaviour (helping) to reduce bad mood.

43
Q

Why would people help more when in a good mood?

A
  • more sympathy/empathy felt in this state
  • prolongs good mood (self-serving)
  • consistent with values (altruism etc)
44
Q

When can bad mood increase prosocial behaviour?

A

When there is guilt felt.

45
Q

What gender biases in helping behaviour? (Opposite sexes + stranger/close)

A

Male helpers are more likely to help women than other men. Women equally help.
Men are more likely to help strangers, women more likely to help close friends/family.

46
Q

Findings of the Sexually Aroused Helping Study (Pryzbyla 1985)?

A

Men are way more likely to help a female after watching erotic videos.

47
Q

What are ‘other’ determinants of helping behaviour?

A 
Receiver Characteristics:
 - similarity
 - attractiveness
 - responsibility attributions
 Situation factors:
 - ambiguity
 - constraints (ie. rushing)
 - presence of others (bystander effect)
48
Q

Findings of the Smoke-Filled Room Study (Latane & Darley, 1968)?

A

People took action:
75% - when alone
38% - with 3 naive others
10% - with passive confederates

49
Q

What is the model of bystander behaviour? (5 stages)

A
  1. Noticing event
  2. Interpreting emergency
  3. Assuming responsibility
  4. Knowing how to help
  5. Deciding to implement help
50
Q

At what stage in the model of bystander behaviour does audience inhibition have an influence?

A
  1. Deciding to implement help = evaluation apprehension, feeling judged/embarrassed
51
Q

At what stage in the model of bystander behaviour is there diffusion of responsibility?

A
  1. Assuming responsibility = easy to pass it on to others in the crowd
52
Q

At what stage in the model of bystander behaviour does pluralistic ignorance have an effect?

A
  1. Interpreting event as emergency: people assume nothing is wrong if no one else looks worried.

PSYC2040 (6 decks)

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