Prejudice Flashcards
What are the three components of prejudice?
Stereotypes (cog): beliefs about groups
Prejudice (affective): feelings towards people, eg hate/dislike
Discrimination (behaviour): eg avoidance harassment
What are two aspects of stereotypes?
Pervasive
Automatic
What is stereotype threat?
When a negative stereotype is made salient people will inadvertently confirm the stereotype with their behaviour.
What is the Push Study by (Duncan, 1976)?
White or black people lightly pushed someone. Black pushers were seen as more violent. This showed that stereotypes influenced interpretation of social actions.
How can discrimination be presented in different ways?
Verbal, nonverbal, and physical. Direct or indirect.
What was the Resume Study by Booth et al (2012)?
4000 fake resumes sent out, IV: racial origin of name. More callbacks for Anglo-Saxon names.
Findings of Correll et al. 2002 black and white shooter simulation study?
People incorrectly shot unarmed black targets more than unarmed white targets. People set a lower threshold to shoot black people.
What are the consequences of discrimination? (6)
- perceived stigma
- elevated stress, anxiety, depression
- lowered self-esteem
- diminished life satisfaction
- detriments to physical health
- mortality
As prejudice has decreased over time, what type of prejudice remains?
Mostly subtle prejudice, due to social censuring and counter-normativity
What is aversive racism?
People only express racism when it is socially appropriate. They don’t want to think of themselves as racist.
What are the characteristics of aversive racism? (5)
- deny existence
- avoid topic
- do not recognise inequalities
- rationalise status quo
- hostility towards minorities when justifiable
What are differences in modern measurements of racism?
People are more conscious of social norms and so less likely to self-report overt prejudice.
How is subtle prejudice measured? (3)
- Using the Implicit Association Test IAT.
- Facial electromyography
- Behavioural measures: non-verbals, interpersonal distance (chairs)
How does social identity theory explain prejudice?
Our sense of self is derived from group memberships which leads to ingroup favouritism and outgroup derogation.
What is the minimal groups paradigm?
Ingroup biases emerge from even minimal stake group categorisations.
What phenomena does group categorisation produce? (4)
Ethnocentrism: evaluative preference for own group
Ingroup favouritism: behaviour
Intergroup differentiation: emphasise differences
Relative homogeneity effect: see all outgroup as the same, ingroup is all different
What is integrated threat theory? (2 types of)
Two types of perceived threat which predict prejudice:
- realistic threat: danger to ingroup’s wellbeing (physical safety, economic/political power, existence)
- symbolic threat: difference in values & worldviews (beliefs, morals, norms)
What are two types of ideologies which may explain prejudice?
Social dominance orientation and Right Wing Authoritarianism.
What is social dominance orientation?
Think / desire own group is superior.
- legitimises group hierarchy and domination
- rejects egalitarianism
What is the fundamental belief of Social Dominance Orientation?
World is competitive with limited resources; us vs them
What are the components of Right Wing Authoritarianism? (3)
- conventionalism: established societal conventions from authority
- submission: to authorities
- aggression: towards social deviants
What is the fundamental belief of Right Wing Authoritarianism?
Outgroup values and beliefs threaten our own
According to Integrated Threat Theory, which type of threat would SDO vs RWA ideologies be most sensitive to?
RWA = symbolic threat (b- perceive threat to authorities’ conventions)
SDO = realistic threat (b- perceive limited resources/room at top)
What happened in the Robber’s Cave experiment? (Sherif & Sherif 1954)
11-12 yo boys split in two groups.
- Ingroup formation: isolated groups led to ethnocentrism (no conflict)
- Friction: groups brought together to compete led to conflict & negative attitudes
- Integration: team-work tasks requiring cooperation improved intergroup attitudes.
What does this study say about SI Theory being right?
More support for IT Theory; competition brought out inter group conflict
What are 3 strategies that can reduce prejudice?
- decategorisation
- recategorisation
- intergroup contact
What are the differences between decategorisation and recategorisation?
Decategorisation = reduce distinctions (breakdown outgroup homogeneity + disconfirm stereotypes)
Recategorisation = create common ingroup identity (we)
Explain intergroup contact.
Hostility is fed by separation and unfamiliarity. So contact improves relations and reduces prejudices.
Why would Intergroup Contact be a more effective strategy?
Changes cognitions, attitudes, and behaviours alike.
What are the optimal conditions for Intergroup Contact? (4)
- equal status
- shared goals
- intergroup co-operation / interdependence
- social & institutional support
What are some forms of indirect contact? (5)
- extended contact (related friends)
- vicarious contact (observing others)
- imagined contact
- parasocial contact (observe thru media)
- electronic contact
What is an example of indirect discrimination? (3)
Gossip (verbal), lack of eye contact (nonverbal), and avoidance (physical).
