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PSYC2040 > Group Processes > Flashcards

Group Processes Flashcards

1
Q

What is a group?

A

Two or more people who share a common definition of evaluation of themselves. People behave in accordance with this definition

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2
Q

What dimensions can groups vary on?

A

Cohesiveness, structure, size, longevity, purpose, influence, etc.

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3
Q

What are some major characteristics of groups? (7)

A 
Social unit of two or more individuals
 Influence
 Interaction
 Interdependence
 Seek to achieve group goals
 Try to satisfy a need through their association (belonging)
 Governed by group roles & norms
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4
Q

What is a need that is satisfied through group association?

A

Belonging

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5
Q

What are the functions of groups (which help an individual)? (3)

A
  • belonging an purpose
  • connection
  • guide behaviour
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6
Q

What are the social functions of groups? (3)

A
  • Social identity (define self)
  • Source of social support
  • Coping resource
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7
Q

What are pragmatic functions of groups? (2)

A
  • Sense of security, safety. (Evolutionary)

- Coordination, performance, divide labour. (Useful)

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8
Q

Based on the type of association, what are the 3 types of groups?

A

Common-bond
Common-identity
Social aggregates

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9
Q

What are common-bond groups based on?

A

Attached interpersonally to members, like the people (eg friends)

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10
Q

What are common-identity groups based on?

A

Attached to group itself, the idea that they represent (eg feminists)

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11
Q

What goals are salient in the two types of groups?

A

Common-bond = personal goals
Common-identity = group goals

Social aggregate = no shared goals

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12
Q

Explain a social aggregate.

A

A gathering of unrelated individuals, in proximity for short periods. No shared goals/purpose or influence. Not cohesive.

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13
Q

Tuckman’s (1965) Developmental Sequence for Small Groups (5phases)

A 
Forming - orientation & familiarisation
 Storming - conflict
 Norming - consensus, cohesion,
 Performing - group world smoothly
 Adjourning - dissolution
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14
Q

When do groups benefit from group roles? (2)

A
  • Little role ambiguity

- Roles matched to member’s abilities

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15
Q

What do group roles do?

A

Describe and proscribe group behaviour

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16
Q

Define group norms.

A

Attitudinal and behavioural uniformities that define group membership and differentiate groups

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17
Q

What are examples of informal and formal norms?

A

Family rules vs. workplace conduct

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18
Q

What happens when group identities are made salient?

A

Norms guide behaviour and conduct (eg less likely to smoke when thinking about family)

19
Q

What did Siegel & Siegel (1957) measure and find in their conservatives vs liberals study?

A

Measured sorority vs dormitory.

Findings; peoples’ political orientation shifted due to their environment

20
Q

What is group polarisation?

A

A tendency for group discussion to produce more extreme opinions than individuals had pre-discussion

21
Q

Myers & Bishop (1970); what changes to levels of prejudice occurred when people were put into discussion with like minded others?

A

Intensification of prejudice: group polarisation.

22
Q

What are the explanations of group polarisation? (3 theories)

A

Persuasive Arguments Theory - groups allow exposure to novel arguments/positions
Social Comparison Theory - Feel the need to compare stance to ingroup members and ‘stack up’
Conformity to Group Norms - polarisation is a method of conformity

23
Q

What is groupthink?

A

When highly cohesive groups desire to reach unanimous agreements and override proper rational thinking.

24
Q

What are the antecedents to group think? (5)

A
  • Excessive group cohesiveness
  • Insulation from external information/influence
  • Lack of systematic procedures for decision making
  • Ideological homogeneity of group membership
  • High pressure
25
Q

What are the symptoms of groupthink? (5)

A 
Illusion of invulnerability
 Illusion of unanimity
 Unquestioning belief that group is right
 Direct pressure on dissenters
 Stereotyping of outgroup
26
Q

What is social loafing?

A

Reduction in individual effort when people work collectively.

27
Q

What is the necessary condition for social loafing?

A

The task is collective not co-active. (Performance pooled vs not pooled)

28
Q

What are possible explanations for social loafing? (2)

A
  • Coordination loss

- motivation loss

29
Q

Social loafing study (Ingham et al, 1974);

A

Increase in group size led to decrease in individual output.

30
Q

What is the formula for coordination loss?

A

Tota reduction in output minus motivation loss (pseudo group/confederates)

31
Q

What are 4 reasons for motivation loss?

A

Output equity
Evaluation apprehension not present (anonymous)
Matching to standard (no clear norm)
Task attractiveness (low)

32
Q

What has social loafing been studied in relation to? (And is it a robust effect?)

A

Cognitive tasks
Workplace groups
Team sports
University assignments

Yes robust effect across situations.

33
Q

What is social compensation?

A

When individuals work harder in a group than they would alone. (Opposite of social loafing)

34
Q

Which two factors are needed for social compensation?

A

Expectations that other members will loaf

Group performance is important to the individual

35
Q

In social compensation, what factors contribute to the importance of group performance?

A

High identification with group

Inter group competition

36
Q

Loafing vs compensation study (worchel et al., 1998); measures and findings?

A

Tested the presence of outgroup; found that people need to perceive outgroup to engage in social compensation. Uniforms only increased productivity when outgroup present.

37
Q

Do we punish ingroup or outgroup members more harshly for transgression?

A

Ingroup; because they reflect back on us

38
Q

What is the black sheep effect (Marquez & Paez, 1994)?

A

Ingroup members are judged more extremely than outgroup members. Can be either negatively or positively.

39
Q

What is the relationship between social groups and social support?

A

More groups, more social support, greater wellbeing

40
Q

What is the main effects hypothesis? (In social support)

A

Social support has a direct effect on health; social isolation directly influences mortality.

41
Q

What is the stress buffering hypothesis (in social support)?

A

Social support only helps when stress is high; weakens the effect of stress on health.

42
Q

What are two examples of groups being a coping resource?

A 
Racial minorities (cope with discrimination)
 People with mental illness (cope with stigma)
43
Q

What was tested in the The Pain Endurance Study? (Jones & Jetten, 2010)

A

They found that thinking about more group memberships increased pain tolerance (using a cold-pressor task).

PSYC2040 (6 decks)

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