Property Flashcards
What is a devisee?
Someone who takes property by will.
What is an heir?
Someone who takes property by intestacy law.
What is a grantee?
Someone who takes inter vivos - between the living.
What are the present possessory estates?
- Fee simple absolute
- Defensible
- fee simple determinable
- fee simple subject to condition subsequent
- fee simple subject to executors interest - Fee tail
- Life estate
- Non-free hold - landlord-tenant
What is a fee simple absolute?
“To A (and his heirs)”
Best type of estate, may last forever. alienable, devisable, descendable.
No future interest.
What is a defeasible estate? What are the types?
An estate that may terminate upon some happening or event before its maximum time has run.
- fee simple determinable
- Fee simple subject to condition subsequent
- Fee simple subject to executory interest
What is a fee simple determinable?
Created by durational language - so long as, during, while, etc.
Creates a future interest in grantor - possibility of reverter.
Terminates automatically on happening of event and returns to grantor.
What is a fee simple subject to condition subsequent?
Created by conditional language: provided, however if, but if, etc.
Creates future interest in grantor - power of re-entry/right of termination.
Power of termination must be expressly reserved to grantor.
Does not automatically transfer - grantor has to exercise right.
What is a fee simple subject to executory interest?
Created by either durational or conditional language.
Termination occurs on some event, property passes to 3rd party, not grantor.
Creates a future interest in 3rd party - executory interest.
What is a fee tail?
Common law estate descended to grantee’s children only.
“To B and the heirs of his body”
If no lineal descendants, passes to grantor or 3rd party - creates remainder or reversion future interest.
Treated as fee simple absolutes in most jurisdictions.
What is a life estate?
“To B for life”
Creates future interest - reversion or remainder.
What is a life estate pur autre vie?
A life estate measured by the life of someone other than the grantee.
“A to B for the life of C”
Creates future interest - reversion or remainder.
What is a non-freehold estate/term estate?
Estate that is limited in duration - basically landlord-tenant.
Reversion - future interest in grantor
What are the future interests in the grantor?
- Possibility of reverter
- Right to re-enter
- Reversion
What are future interests that aren’t in the grantor?
- Executory interests
- shifting
- springing - Remainders
- vested
- contingent
What is a possibility of reverter?
a future interest in the grantor that follows a fee simple determinable
The land automatically reverts back to the grantor when the event happens.
Not subject to the rule against perpetuities (already vested in grantor)
What is the power of termination/right to re-entry?
Future interest in the grantor with a fee simple subject to condition subsequent.
Not created automatically, must be explicitly reserved.
Property does not automatically revert when condition is met - grantor must exercise right.
Not subject to the rule against perpetuities (already vested)
What is a reversionary interest?
A future interest in the grantor when they transfer less than a fee simple absolute. Like a life estate, etc.
Not subject to Rule against Perpetuities (already vested)
Are grantee future interests transferable?
Yes.
Except, power of termination/right to reentry is not transferable inter vivos.
What is a remainder?
A future interest created in a third person that is intended to take effect after the natural termination of a preceding estate.
“To A to B for like, then to C”
What is a contingent remainder?
Any remainder that is not vested.
When is a remainder vested?
- created in an ascertainable person (not “the oldest child of C then living”)
- not subject to any condition precedent, other than the termination of the preceding estate.
What is a vested remainder subject to total divestment?
A remainder that is vested, but may be terminated based on the happening of some future event.
“A to B for life, then to C, so long as liquor is never served on the premises”
What is a vested remainder subject to open?
A remainder that has been made to a class and has at least one member who is vested, but may have other members join the class later.
“A to B for life, then to the children of C” - vested once C has a child, but open because C could have more children.
When does a class close?
As soon as one member of the class becomes entitled to immediate possession of the property.
What is an executory interest?
A future interest in a 3rd person that cuts short the previous estate before it would have naturally terminated.
Follows a defeasible fee.
Subject to the Rule against Perpetuities.
What is a shifting executory interest?
Passes from one grantee to another.
What is a springing executory interest?
Transfers from the grantor to 3rd party.
Property goes from grantor to grantee, then back to grantor, then to 3rd party after a condition.
When does the waste doctrine apply?
When an owner has less than a fee simple - future interests, concurrent estates, landlord-tenant.
What are the types of waste?
- Voluntary - overt harm
- Permissive - negligently allows damage
- Ameliorative - makes unjustified or unapproved changes that actually increase value
What is the rule against perpetuities?
No interest is good unless it must vest, if at all, not later than 21 years after some life in being at the creation of the interest.
When does the Rule Against Perpetuities apply?
- executory interests
- contingent remainders
- vested remainders subject to open
- purchase options
- right of first refusal
When is a total restraint on alienation upheld?
On less than a fee, if reasonable.
What are partial restraints on alienation?
Purchase option
Right of first refusal
When are partial restraints on alienation upheld?
When reasonable. Look to limits in scope and time, purpose, legitimate interests of the party, whether the restraint is supported by consideration.
What are the types of co-tenancy?
- Tenancy in common
- Joint tenancy
- Tenancy by the entirety
What is a tenancy in common?
Each co-tenant owns an undivided possessory interest int he whole of the property. No right of survivorship.
Presumed to be tenancy in common unless stated otherwise.
What is right of survivorship?
If one of the co-tenants dies, the property passes to the co-tenant automatically.
Must state explicitly.
What is a joint tenancy?
Each co-tenant owns an undivided possessory interest in the whole of the property and has a right of survivorship.
How is a joint tenancy created?
Traditionally: 4 unities
1. Time
2. Title
3. Interest
4. Possession
Modern - only requires unity of interest and possession
MUST be explicit about right of survivorship
What is tenancy by the entirety?
Gives married couples an undivided interest in the whole of the property and a right of survivorship, unless expressly stated otherwise.
What is a community property state?
State that doesn’t recognize tenancy by the entirety (for married couples)
When does severance occur for a tenancy by the entirety?
- Spouses jointly convey to a 3rd party
- One spouse conveys to the other spouse,
- The couple divorces (separation is not enough)
What happens when a joint tenancy is severed?
It becomes a tenancy in common.
Can an interest in a joint tenancy be devised in a will?
No. Upon a tenant’s death, the surviving joint tenant becomes sole owner of the land.
How is a joint tenancy severed?
- partition action
- joint tenant sells interest in property
- in title theory jurisdiction (minority) - a joint tenant mortgages
What are the types of leases?
- Term of years
- Periodic tenancy
- Tenancy at will
- Tenancy at sufferance
What is a term of years?
A lease that has a definite beginning and end
Ends automatically at the end of the period, no notice needed
What is a periodic tenancy?
A lease with a set beginning date and continues from period to period without a set termination date, until notice is given. Notice must be equal to the rental period, up to 6 months max.
What is a tenancy at will?
No fixed duration, lasts as long as the parties desire. Must be by express agreement.
What is a tenancy at sufferance?
A holdover tenant that the landlord wants to leave, but hasn’t been able to get them off the property. Becomes a periodic tenant if rent is accepted.
When does a tenancy at will terminate?
- the death of either party
- the tenant’s causing the premises to fall into disrepair that affects the property value
- the tenant’s assigning his tenancy to someone else
- the landlord’s leasing the property to someone else
- the landlord’s conveying his interest in the property to a third person
–> no notice required
How much rent is the tenant liable for in a tenancy for years?
All unpaid rent in the lease. Anticipatory repudiation is allowed, but the landlord has a duty to mitigate.
How much rent is the tenant liable for in a periodic tenancy?
The rental obligation up until proper notice is given to terminate.
How much rent is the tenant liable for in a tenancy at will?
The amount of the rest stated in the agreement that is already owed. May not be money, but instead services.
How much rent is a tenant liable for in a tenancy at sufferance?
The reasonable rental value of the property.
How much rent is a tenant liable for in a tenancy at sufferance?
The reasonable rental value of the property.
What are the tenant’s defenses to avoid rent payment?
- Failure to deliver possession (under majority rule)
- Tenant has been evicted
- Tenant surrenders premises to landlord
- Destruction (under modern, not common law)
- Warranty of habitability
- Other contract defenses
What is constructive eviction?
The landlord has allowed the condition of the premises to deteriorate such that the tenant is essentially being forced out. Substantial interference with use and enjoyment of property.
Tenant must actually move out in reasonable time.
What is the warranty of habitability?
Implied warranty that landlord will maintain premises in a habitable condition.
Could become constructive eviction.
Must give landlord notice and reasonable time to fix the problem. OR tenant can repair and offset rent with costs of repairs
Does the landlord have an obligation to maintain or repair premises?
Not under common law, and not beyond warranty of habitability or other statutory obligations.
Landlord retains duty for common passageways and common areas.
What are the common and modern law rules on removing fixtures?
Common law: anything except a trade fixture (used in the course of business) cannot be removed by tenant
Modern law: if the fixture can be removed without affecting the premises, the tenant can do so.
When can the landlord retake property?
If the tenant has committed a material breach.
Common law allows use of force.
Modern law does not allow use of force, and requires legal process with notice.
Can the landlord transfer interest in rent?
Yes. The landlord of record not he day the rent is due is the one entitled to the rent.
Can the landlord transfer interest in rent?
Yes. The landlord of record not he day the rent is due is the one entitled to the rent.
What is the difference between an assignment and a sublease of the tenant’s interest?
Assignment - tenant transfers all of the remainder of the rental obligation.
Sublease - tenant transfers less than the entire interest in the lease, only a portion of the time left on the obligation.