Properties of Sound Flashcards
2 principles of speech production
- maximum perceptual distinctiveness
2. maximum ease of production
physical properties of sound
frequency
amplitude
duration
frequency
how fast your vocal folds vibrate
F= 1/T
amplitude
measurement of sound pressure or intensity; loudness
measured in dB
duration
length of time a sound is sustained
measured in s or ms
sound wave
movement of air molecules
elastic medium
any medium in which the molecules, if disturbed, tend to return to their normal or resting state
speed of sound (in air)
350 m/s at STP
Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP)
for air:
30 degrees Celcius
pressure at sea level
0% relative humidity
silence
air molecules at rest; the absence of sound
context for sound
aperiodic sounds
waves do not repeat
simple aperiodic
singularities or transients
non speech: snap
speech: burst release –> [p], clicks, plosives, ejectives, implosives, oral stops
complex aperiodic
ongoing, non-repeating
non speech: noise (“shhhh”), static
speech: frication –> fricatives, aspiration, breathiness
periodic sounds
waves repeat
simple periodic
ongoing and repeating; composed of only ONE frequency
non-speech: pure tone (synthesized–doesn’t exist in nature)
speech: no example
complex periodic
ongoing and repeating; composed of MULTIPLE frequencies
non speech: sounds with pitch –> mosquito buzz, bird song, cricket legs
speech: vocal fold vibration and overtones –> voiced sounds and filtered sound qualities
combinations of sound types in speech
since phonation and articulation are independent, the sounds produced in the laryngeal system and those produced in the supralaryngeal system can occur in various combinations
ex: VOT
unvoiced stops ( [k] [t] [p] )
silence
simple aperiodic
unvoiced, aspirated stops
silence
simple aperiodic
complex aperiodic
voiced stops
complex periodic
simple aperiodic
voiced fricatives
complex periodic
complex aperiodic
voiced affricates
complex periodic
simple aperiodic
complex aperiodic
