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Phonetics Exam 2 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

phonetics

A

the study of sounds made by human speech

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2
Q

6 approaches to study phonetics

A
  • perception
  • production
  • developmental
  • instrumental
  • cultural
  • historical
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3
Q

perception (approach to study phonetics)

A

auditory and visual input

ex: transcription of speech

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4
Q

production (approach to study phonetics)

A

respiratory, phonatory, articulatory, cognitive

ex: anatomy and physiology of speech organs

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5
Q

developmental (approach to study phonetics)

A

speech acquisition

ex: speech in infancy

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6
Q

instrumental (approach to study phonetics)

A

acoustical

ex: technology of speech analysis

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7
Q

cultural (approach to study phonetics)

A

sociolinguistics

ex: dialects

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8
Q

historical (approach to study phonetics)

A

evolution of speech and language

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9
Q

graphemes

A

written symbols

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10
Q

phonemes

A

speech sounds

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11
Q

isomorphism

A

a one-to-one correspondence between the members of two sets;

no isomorphism between graphemes and phonemes

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12
Q

articulators

A

parts of the vocal tract that contribute to the production of consonants and vowels

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13
Q

3 systems of speech production

A
  • respiratory system
  • laryngeal system
  • supra-laryngeal system
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14
Q

respiratory system

A

power source for speech

lungs, trachea, bronchial tubes, rib cage, diaphragm

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15
Q

laryngeal system

A

sound source for speech
when vocal folds are closed it protects the trachea
(vocal folds, larynx)

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16
Q

supra-laryngeal system (vocal tract)

A

sound filter for speech, articulator system

nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharyngeal cavity, tongue

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17
Q

5 parameters for describing consonant production

A
  1. phonation
  2. place of articulation
  3. nasality
  4. secondary articulators
  5. manner of articulation
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18
Q

phonation

A

not an articulatory parameter
are the vocal folds vibrating? do we have phonation?
-if yes, consonant is voiced
-if no, consonant is unvoiced

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19
Q

vocal folds are apart (abducted)

A

no phonation

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20
Q

vocal folds are together (adducted)

A

phonation

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21
Q

place of articulation

A

where do the articulators touch or come closest to touching?

bilabial, labiodental, interdental, alveolar, palatal, velar

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22
Q

bilabial

A

upper and bottom lip touch

“p” “b” “m”

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23
Q

labiodental

A

upper teeth and lower lip touch

“f” “v”

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24
Q

interdental

A

upper teeth, lower teeth, and tongue touch

“θ” “ð”

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25
Q

alveolar

A

alveolar ridge and tongue touch

“t” “d” “n”

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26
Q

alveopalatal

A

back of alveolar ridge and blade of tongue touch

“ʃ” “dʒ” “tʃ”

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27
Q

palatal

A

hard palate and front of tongue touch

“j”

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28
Q

velar

A

velum and back of tongue touch

“g” “k”

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29
Q

nasality

A

what is the status of the velo-pharyngeal port?

  • if velum is up (and port is closed), the sound is oral–air comes out of mouth
  • if velum is down (and port is open), the sound is nasal–air comes out of nose
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30
Q

secondary articulators

A

tongue has to be used
how is the tongue positioned?
-if sides of the tongue are curled down, the sound is lateral (“l”); if not, it is central
-if the tip of the tongue is curled up and back, the sound is retroflex (“r”)

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31
Q

lateral

A

tongue tip touches alveolar ridge; tongue edges are curled down, allows air to flow along the sides of the tongue

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32
Q

manner of articulation

A

how close to touching are the articulators?

stops, flaps, taps, trills, fricatives, affricates, approximants

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33
Q

stops

A

stopage in airflow; airflow is obstructed

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34
Q

oral stop

A

airways out of the oral and nasal cavities are completely blocked
“b” “p” “t” “d” “k” “g”

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35
Q

nasal stop

A

airway is completely blocked in mouth and air comes out of nose
“m” “n”

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36
Q

glottal stop

A

air is stopped underneath vocal folds, then released

“ʔ” “ɾ” and coughs

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37
Q

flap

A

tongue tip quickly covers alveolar ridge

bu”tt”er

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38
Q

fricative

A

there is a narrow opening between articulators, creates turbulence or hissing sound

  • sibilants: “s” “z”
  • non-sibilants: “v” “f” “θ” “ð”
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39
Q

affricate

A

stop with a fricative release

“tʃ” “dʒ”

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40
Q

approximants

A

articulators are coming close together, but not as close as fricatives, to create sound
“w” “l” “r” “j”

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41
Q

degrees of occlusion

A

full occlusion = stop
less occlusion = fricative
least occlusion = approximant

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42
Q

3 parameters for vowel articulation

A
  • jaw height
  • tongue frontness-backness
  • lip shape
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43
Q

jaw height

A
  • if jaw is raised, it is called a closed or high vowel

- if jaw is dropped, it is called an open or low vowel

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44
Q

tongue frontness-backness

A
  • if tongue is advanced, the vowel is called a front vowel

- if tongue is retracted, the vowel is called a back vowel

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45
Q

multisyllabic word (ə vs. ʌ)

A
  • stressed syllable, use wedge [ʌ]

- unstressed syllable, use schwa [ə]

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46
Q

monosyllabic word (ə vs. ʌ)

A
  • if the word is an open-set word, use wedge [ʌ]

- if the word is a close-set word, use schwa [ə]

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47
Q

open-set word

A

noun, verb, adjective, adverb

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48
Q

close-set word

A

conjunction, article, preposition, pronoun

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49
Q

diphthong

A

vowel sounds with a dynamic articulation that changes during the production of the vowel

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50
Q

prosodics

A

the suprasegmental characteristics of speech

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51
Q

speech segments

A

individual speech sounds; consonants and vowels

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52
Q

suprasegmental chracteristics

A

the qualities we give the segments of speech when we organize them into meaningful speech

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53
Q

2 sources of suprasegmental (prosodic) qualities

A
  • stress

- intonation

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54
Q

stress

A

in words consisting of two or more syllables, one syllable will typically carry more stress than the rest
occurs at word level

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55
Q

intonation

A

at the level of the phrase; meaning can be conveyed by changes in intonation and/or stress

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56
Q

3 elements of speech production for intonation/stress

A
  1. loudness (intensity)
  2. pitch (rate of vocal fold vibration)
  3. length (duration)
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57
Q

yes/no questions

A

rising intonation

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58
Q

open-ended questions

A

falling intonation

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59
Q

diacritics

A

special symbol used to distinguish different qualities of a given sound or group of sounds
suprasegmental or articulatory qualities

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60
Q

laryngeal cartilages

A

cricoid, thyroid, arytenoids

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61
Q

thyroid cartilage

A
  • articulates with cricoid
  • consists of 2 plates that join at thyroid angle
  • unpaired
  • rocks and glides
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62
Q

cricoid cartilage

A
  • sits on 1st (top) trachea ring
  • unpaired
  • has 4 facets (surfaces)
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63
Q

arytenoid cartilage

A
  • articulates with cricoid
  • glides and rotates
  • sits on top of facets of cricoid
  • paired
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64
Q

extrinsic laryngeal muscles

A

muscles that attach the larynx to other structures outside of the laryngeal structure
strap and mandibular

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65
Q

strap muscle

A

extrinsic muscle

lowers larynx; attaches larynx to sternum

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66
Q

mandibular muscle

A

extrinsic muscle

raises larynx

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67
Q

intrinsic laryngeal muscles

A

muscles that attach parts of the larynx to each other

cricothyroid muscle, thyroarytenoid muscle, LCA, PCA

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68
Q

crico-thyroid muscle

A

pulls thyroid cartilage down

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69
Q

thyro-arytenoid muscle

A

forms vocal folds

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70
Q

lateral crico-arytenoid muscle (LCA)

A

adductor–closes the vocal folds

71
Q

posterior crico-arytenoid muscle (PCA)

A

abductor–opens the vocal folds
only abductor
pulls arytenoids in when contracted

72
Q

oblique and transverse arytenoid muscle

A

connects two arytenoids together–adductor

  • oblique runs like an “X”
  • transverse runs like horizontal parallel lines
73
Q

conditions for vocal fold vibration

A
  • vocal folds must be properly positioned

- there must be sufficient airflow

74
Q

2 conditions for proper position

A

vocal folds must be (1) adducted and

(2) sufficiently tense for phonation to occur

75
Q

active muscular control

A

used to adduct and abduct the vocal folds

76
Q

subglottal pressure

A

pressure below the adducted vocal folds

77
Q

the open-and-close cycle of phonation is a result of _____________ and ____________

A
  • aerodynamic forces

- elastic recoil forces

78
Q

how are the vocal folds positioned during quiet breathing?

A

abducted

79
Q

how are the vocal folds positioned during glottal frication?

A

partially abducted

80
Q

how are the vocal folds positioned during breathy phonation?

A

partially adducted

81
Q

how are the vocal folds positioned during normal phonation?

A

adducted

82
Q

how are the vocal folds positioned during creaky phonation?

A

hyper-adducted

83
Q

pitch

A

the aural perception of the rate of vocal fold vibration

84
Q

fundamental frequency (F0)

A
  • rate of vocal fold vibration
  • # of open-close cycles per second, measured in Hz
  • lowest or 1st harmonic
85
Q

characteristic F0

A

a function of vocal fold mass

-larger (heavier) vocal folds will vibrate slower than smaller (lighter) vocal folds

86
Q

cross-speaker difference

A

caused by individual differences in pitch

87
Q

[ ̥]

A

devoiced

88
Q

[ ̤]

A

breathy voice

89
Q

[ ̰]

A

creaky voice

90
Q

voice onset time (VOT)

A

the time at which voicing begins with respect to the release of stop closure

91
Q
  • VOT
A
  • voicing has begun before the release of stop closure
  • we are producing a voiced stop, which we perceive as [b, d, or g]
  • if [b, d, or g] occur between two voiced sounds
92
Q

0 VOT

A
  • voicing begins at release of stop closure
  • we are producing an unvoiced stop, which we may perceive as [b, d, or g] or [p, t, or k] depending on where in the utterance it occurs
  • if [b, d, or g] occur at the beginning of an utterance or phrase
  • if [p, t, or k] occur after an “s”
93
Q

+ VOT

A
  • voicing begins after the release of stop closure
  • we are producing an unvoiced, aspirated stop, which we may perceive as [pʰ, tʰ, or kʰ]
  • if [pʰ, tʰ, or kʰ] occur at the beginning of a syllable
94
Q

2 principles of speech production

A
  1. maximum perceptual distinctiveness

2. maximum ease of production

95
Q

physical properties of sound

A

frequency, amplitude, and duration

96
Q

elastic medium

A

any medium in which the molecules, if disturbed, tend to return to their normal or resting state
necessary for sound

97
Q

speed of sound (in air)

A

about 1147 ft/s, or 350 m/s @ STP

98
Q

standard temperature and pressure (STP)

A

for AIR:

  • 30 ̊ C
  • pressure at sea level
  • 0% humidity
99
Q

frequency

A

how fast your vocal folds vibrate

  • perceptually: pitch & overtones
  • measured in Hz
100
Q

amplitude

A

sound pressure or intensity

  • perceptually: loudness
  • measured in dB
101
Q

duration

A
  • perceptually: length of time a sound is sustained

- reported in seconds or miliseconds

102
Q

sound wave

A

movement of air molecules

103
Q

silence

A

air molecules at rest; the absence of sound

context for sound–>silence is important for speech production

104
Q

aperiodic sounds

A

waves do no repeat

105
Q

simple aperiodic sounds

A
  • singularities or transients
  • non speech: snap
  • speech: burst release (clicks, plosives, oral stops)
106
Q

complex aperiodic sounds

A
  • ongoing, non-repeating
  • non speech: noise (“shhh”), static
  • speech: frication (fricatives, aspiration, breathiness)
107
Q

periodic sounds

A

sound waves repeat

108
Q

simple periodic sound

A

ongoing and repeating, composed of only ONE frequency

  • non speech: pure tone (synthesized)
  • speech: none
109
Q

complex periodic sound

A

ongoing and repeating, composed of multiple frequencies

  • non speech: sounds with pitch (mosquito buzz, bird song, cricket legs)
  • speech: vocal fold vibration and overtones (voiced sounds and filtered sound qualities)
110
Q

combination os sound types in speech

A

since phonation and articulation are independent, the sounds produced in the laryngeal system and those produced in the supralaryngeal system can occur in various combinations
(ex: VOT)

111
Q

unvoiced stops [p, t, k]

A

silence

simple aperiodic

112
Q

unvoiced, aspirated stops [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ]

A

silence
simple aperiodic
complex aperiodic

113
Q

voiced stops [b, d, g]

A

complex periodic

simple aperiodic

114
Q

voiced fricatives [v, ð, z, ʒ]

A

complex periodic

complex aperiodic

115
Q

voiced affricate [dʒ]

A

complex periodic
simple aperiodic
complex aperiodic

116
Q

metrics of sound measurement

A

waveform, spectrum, spectrogram, pitch contour, energy contour

117
Q

waveform

A

a mathematical representation of alternating pulses of compressed and rarefied air
shown as a graph of amplitude (ordinate) and time (abscissa)

118
Q

amplitude of waveform

A

correlates to loudness and can be measured as SPL or intensity level

119
Q

time scale of waveform

A

measured in seconds or milliseconds

120
Q

spectrum

A

a graph showing the amplitude of each component frequency of a complex periodic sound
a graph of pure tones, each having a different frequency and amplitude
-ordinate: amplitude
-abscissa: frequency

121
Q

harmonics

A

pure tones

122
Q

octave

A

doubling of frequency

123
Q

how is a spectrum calculated?

A

by a Fourier analysis

124
Q

Fourier analysis

A

a mathematical formula that provides a way to tease apart the elements of a complex periodic sound (the frequencies of the component pure tones and their amplitudes)

125
Q

amplitude of the series of harmonics decreases at the rate of _____

A

12 dB/octave

126
Q

3 systems of speech production

A
  1. respiratory system: power source
  2. phonatory system: sound source
  3. articulatory system: sound filter
127
Q

source-filter theory

A

explains how the 3 systems of speech production work together to produce speech sounds

128
Q

power source

A 
the pulmonic (respiratory) system produces controlled expiration that produces speech
also provides subglottal pressure that causes vocal folds to vibrate and produce phonation
129
Q

sound source

A

powered by airflow from the respiratory system

the laryngeal system produces the vibrations that serve as the basis for voiced speech sounds

130
Q

sound filter

A

the supralaryngeal system can open and close to let air out in greater and lesser quantities, producing vowels and consonants
occlusion

131
Q

filtering

A

alteration of the sound

132
Q

formants

A

sound waves produced in the vocal tract as air flows though and reverberates or resonates within various cavities
NOT produced
determined by vocal tract shape

133
Q

harmonics-amplitude relationship

A

harmonics with frequencies closest to the formant frequencies will be amplified as they pass through the vocal tract

134
Q

what is significant about the first 3-4 formants?

A

our ears are very sensitive to the first few formants because we use them to distinguish the different speech sounds

135
Q

LPC curve

A

formula that uses the amplitude peaks of a sound’s spectrum and puts the predicted formant frequencies in a curve above
shows the formants of the vocal tract

136
Q

what does a spectrum show us?

A

all the details of phonation and articulation, but no time dimension–> it is a sample of a sound at one instance in time

137
Q

what information does a waveform provide?

A

allows us to interpret or calculate the sound source (periodic/aperiodic, burst/frication, voicing) and allows us to see how amplitude changes over time
tells us nothing about formants

138
Q

spectrogram

A

a graph that represents time (abscissa), frequency (ordinate), and amplitude as a function of darkness on a grayscale

139
Q

wideband spectrogram

A

highlights formants and tells us about articulation

vertical lines

140
Q

narrowband spectrogram

A

highlights harmonics and tells us about phonation

horizontal lines

141
Q

what does a wideband spectrogram show?

A

articulation, glottal pulses, formants (allows us to see how articulation is changing), harmonics (if speaker is shrill), and fundamental frequency

142
Q

what does a narrowband spectrogram show?

A

phonation, formants (less clear), harmonics (see how phonation is changing), fundamental frequency

143
Q

pitch contour

A

close-up view of a frequency
frequency scale is 0-350 Hz
women can have a maximum pitch contour of 250 Hz

144
Q

what can we tell from an energy contour?

A

which sounds are loudest or longest, stressed syllable

145
Q

acoustic correlates of vowels

A
  • F1 and jaw height have an inverse relationship, the lower F1 is, the higher jaw height is
  • higher F2 = more fronted tongue, lower F2 = more backed tongue
  • low F3 = possible rhoticity [ɚ]
  • lip rounding lowers formant frequencies
146
Q

vowel space chart

A
  • F1 is on ordinate, F2 is on abscissa

- both scales are in reverse order (high-to-low) to represent the tongue positions more intuitively

147
Q

“schwa trick”

A

to determine formant frequency ranges for any given speaker, map that person’s mid-central vowel and use it as a frame of reference for the rest of the vowels

148
Q

What are the average schwa values for adults?

A 
F1 = 500 Hz
F2 = 1500 Hz
F3 = 2500 Hz
149
Q

acoustic correlates of consonants: manner of voiced stops

A
  • closure: abrupt drop in amplitude on waveform, sudden loss of sound tracings in frequencies above F0 on spectrogram
  • complex periodic sound during stop gap on waveform and voicing bar in spectrogram
  • release of closure with soft-to-moderate burst
150
Q

acoustic correlates of consonants: place of voiced stops

A

(formant transition–especially F2 & F3–provide clues to place of articulation)

  • F2 dips down from vowel for labial closure [b]
  • F2 is level for tongue-front closure [d]
  • F2 rises and F3 dips down (velar pinch) for dorsal closure [g]
151
Q

acoustic correlates of consonants: manner of unvoiced, aspirated stops

A
  • closure: abrupt drop in amplitude on waveform, sudden loss of all sound tracings on spectrogram
  • no sound during stop gap–no voicing bar
  • release of closure with moderate-to-loud burst
  • aspiration following burst
152
Q

acoustic correlates of consonants: place of unvoiced, aspirated stops

A
  • formant transitions vary depending on which vowels and/or consonants are adjacent
  • aspiration may obscure formant transitions at onset of vowel
153
Q

acoustic correlates of consonants: manner of voiced and unvoiced fricatives

A
  • more amplitude than stops
  • waveform will show complex, aperiodic sound; spectrogram will show scratchy noise tracings
  • voiced fricatives will show periodicity on waveform, and both voicing bar and glottal pulses on spectrogram
  • voiced fricatives tend to be longer
154
Q

acoustic correlates of consonants: place of voiced and unvoiced fricatives

A
  • most energy is in the higher frequency ranges

- [s, z] and [ʃ, ʒ] tend to have louder frication (sibilants)

155
Q

acoustic correlates of consonants: voiced and unvoiced affricates

A

-stop gap –> alveopalatal fricative offset

156
Q

acoustic correlates of consonants: nasal stops

A
  • abrupt onset and offset, but without a burst
  • voicing bar + 1st nasal formant (N1) = nasal murmur
  • more formants than oral sounds (often low intensity and not visible)
  • antiformants (space between formants)
157
Q

acoustic correlates of consonants: approximates (glides and liquids)

A
  • [w] has high F1 & F2
  • [r] has significant drop in F3 (rhoticity)
  • [l] may show “step” transition
  • [j] has low F1 & high F2
158
Q

phonology

A

the study of the distinctive sounds and characteristic patterns of a spoken language

159
Q

minimal pairs

A

two words, with different meanings, that sound identical except for ONE sound

160
Q

broad transcription

A

a transcription that does not show a lot of detail usually just main symbols

161
Q

narrow transcription

A

transcription that captures pronunciation in great detail using diacritics

162
Q

impressionistic transcription

A

transcription of speech that is unknown to you (ie another language)

163
Q

systemic transcription

A

a transcription that knowingly represents the regularities of a language’s unique phonology
ex: “dogs” –> [dɔgz]

164
Q

phonemic transcription

A

a broad transcription of the underlying phonemes of a word; as it might be said in exaggerated citation-form speech, with no syllable carrying more stress than any other

165
Q

phonetic transcription

A

transcription of the actual pronunciation of a word, the way it was said

166
Q

phonological patterns at the segmental level

A
  • VOT
  • glottal substitution
  • nasal and lateral plosion
  • flapping: neutralization of d/t –> ɾ
  • velarization of nasals
  • nasalization of vowels in nasal contexts
  • rhoticization of neutral vowels
  • vowel lengthening
  • vowel reduction
167
Q

homorganic stop

A

sounds made in the same place of articulation

ex: [p] [b] & [m]

168
Q

suprasegmental phonological patterns

A
  • intonation (pitch & energy) contours
  • stress patterns
  • tonic syllables
169
Q

nasals and lateral plosion

A

nasals and laterals following a homorganic stop may become plosive
ex: [sænd] vs [sæ.dn̩]

170
Q

velarization of nasals

A

nasals that precede velars become velar

ex: [ræŋ] –> [ræŋk]

171
Q

rhoticization of neutral vowels

A

when “r-coloring” occurs with a neutral vowel, the entire vowel becomes rhoticized

172
Q

vowel reduction

A

vowels in unstressed syllables immediately adjacent to stressed syllables may be reduced
ex: demonstrate, [ɑ] –> [ə]

173
Q

stress patterns

A

english marks the stressed syllable in a word or phrase by syllable lengthening, syllable loudness, and/or rising pitch (F0)

Phonetics Exam 2 (6 decks)

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