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propagation Flashcards

1
Q

how to store recalcitrant seed

with examples

A
  1. contains high levels of moisture or oils
  2. and needs to be kept moist and cool until sowing
  3. as drying out can kill the seed
  4. even so they will often not stay viable for long. This
    is referred to as moist storage.

Aesculus hippocastanum
Castanea sativa
Fagus sylvatica

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2
Q

how to store orthodox seed

with examples

A
  1. Most seed is relatively dry and can be stored in conditions which keeps them
  2. dry - Humidity can be lowered in the air around packets of seed by using dehydrating agents like silica gel.
  3. as well as cool - Cool temperatures minimise respiration and therefore deterioration. keep seed in a tupperware in the fridge.

Lactuca sativa
Nigella damascena
Solanum lycopersicon

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3
Q

benefits of propagating from seed

A
  • produces variation from which new cultivars can be developed
  • only method for some species
  • may get large numbers from each plant
  • easily stored
  • can avoid virus transmission
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4
Q

limitations of propagating from seed

A
  • some plants may not produce viable seed
  • difficult germination
  • lack of uniformity
  • time to maturity
  • some seeds do not store easily
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5
Q

plants usually grown from seed

A 
Daucus carota,
Phaseolus vulgaris, 
Solanum lycopersicon,
Lobelia erinus, 
Nigella damascena, 
Lolium perenne
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6
Q

what is meant by the term ‘seed’

A
  1. Seed is normally the outcome of sexual reproduction in plants.
  2. Seed is designed to be dispersed, which means that the new generation may be a considerable distance from the parents, helping distribute the plant.
  3. the seed will be genetically similar, but different from its parent plants
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7
Q

State what is meant by ‘seed viability’

A

seeds contain a living embryo and will germinate when

conditions are right.

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8
Q

List the requirements for seed germination (4)

A

moisture
temperature
oxygen
light/dark

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9
Q

State the meaning of seed ‘dormancy’

A
  1. viable seed fails to germinate even when all standard germination requirements are met.
  2. Some seeds have very specific requirements to make sure they germinate into optimal conditions.
  3. These include fire, digestive juices of animals, being chilled or frozen, or soaked/macerated to remove germination inhibiting chemicals on the seed coat.
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10
Q 
Describe the changes that take place in a
germinating seed (7)
A
  1. a germinating seed starts with taking in water, which sets off a series of chemical reactions which always involve
  2. a rising respiration rate
  3. the breakdown of the food store
  4. rapid cell division
  5. the splitting of the seed coat
  6. emergence of the radicle
  7. and then either the cotyledons and plumule in epigeal germination,
  8. or just the plumule in hypogeal germination.
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11
Q

what is the difference between epigeal and hypogeal
germination (2 and 2)
eg in Phaseolus vulgaris and Vicia faba

A 
Hypogeal (which means ‘below ground’) germination happens when 
1. the cotyledons stay below ground 
2. and a young shoot - the plumule, pushes upwards into the light. 
French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is a good example.

In epigeal (‘above ground’) germination,
1. the epicotyl lengthens, pushing the seed above ground
2. where the testa splits open revealing the cotyledons and plumule.
Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) is a good example.

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12
Q 
Describe the preparation and storage of
Phaseolus vulgaris (5)
A
  1. harvesting; on a dry day select ripe material that is p&d free and true to type. Pods should feel a bit papery and rattle
  2. separation; separate from the dry pods by hand
  3. cleaning; Pick out the beans leaving behind the chaff, insects and other debris.
  4. drying; Can be dried on newspaper for two weeks somewhere well ventilated
  5. storage conditions - when 100% dry, ideally in a labelled paper bag in a fridge or cool dry basement.
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13
Q

Describe the preparation and storage of Nigella damascena seed: (5)

A
  1. harvesting; on a dry day when the seedhead is dry, brown and papery (ripe), and rattles, put a paper bag over the seed head and cut stem
  2. separation; turn the bag upside down so the seed falls to the bottom of the bag.
  3. cleaning; remove chaff, insects and other debris with tweezers or pass through a mesh
  4. drying; leave to dry in well ventilated place
  5. storage conditions: in a paper bag or envelope in a tupperware with a silica pouch in fridge
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14
Q

Describe the preparation of fleshy fruits (Solanum

lycopersicum)

A
  1. harvesting; Ripe fruit needs to be picked, cut open, and the contents scooped out with a spoon or fingers
  2. maceration; gently mash up using an implement like a table fork
  3. separation; ferment the seed for 3-5 days to remove the jelly like coating
  4. cleaning - Rinse in sieve with water
  5. drying - then dry in a warm place on a thick absorbent surface such as kitchen towel.
  6. When 100% dry store them in a paper envelope in a dark, cool place
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15
Q

identify suitable containers and growing media for Begonia semperflorens Cultorum Group (fine seed)
describe the method of sowing; pricking out; potting off; aftercare etc

A
  • sow mid - late winter
    1. Mix sieved seed or multipurpose compost with one third perlite, or other grit-like material into a tray
    2. a thin layer of sieved compost should be used to cover the main body of the mix and watered before sowing
    3. Mix some fine sand with the seed to make it visible to make sure it is evenly distributed.
    4. hold the seeds against the compost with a single layer of fine grit or vermiculite on top
    5. Watering the seeds very gently with a watering can and rose will help settle seed against the compost.
    6. place somewhere light inside a propagator with lid to retain humidity, to germinate (10-14 days). Remove lid at germination.
    7. Seedlings can be pricked out after about 6 weeks when they have their first set of true leaves into a larger tray, giving each seedling more room to grow.
    8. After 3-4 weeks, pot on again into individual plugs or small pots to grow on, where growing tips can be pinched out to encourage bushy plants.
    7. By the time they have filled the plugs/pots, they will now be ready to harden off for a couple of weeks before planting out into their final positions after last frost.
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16
Q

identify suitable containers and growing media for Lactuca sativa (medium seed)

A
  • early spring to late summer
    1. clean or new, undamaged full or half seed tray or half pot using John Innes (JI) seed compost or any suitable loam-less, multi-purpose or seed sowing growing media.
    2. Overfill the container with growing media, tap down, saw/strike off the growing media level using a striker
    3. broadcast, either by having the seed in the palm of the hand and tapping, by pinching or by tapping them from the seed packet.
    4. Seed must be sown at the correct density i.e. 2-3mm apart.
    5. Seeds are covered to a uniform depth of 3-5mm until they just disappear from sight using sieved growing media or vermiculite.
    6. The seed tray can be watered prior to sowing.
    7. The seed can either be watered using a watering can with a fine rose or by soaking the trays from below.
    8. The seed trays are placed in a warm environment at a temperature of 12-15°C.
    9. The trays can be covered with a sheet of glass until germination takes place to keep the seeds moist.
    7. Thin out seedlings when they’re about 2.5cm (1in) high and continue until the plants are 30cm (12in) apart
17
Q

identify suitable containers and growing media for Cucurbita pepo (large seed)

A
  • mid-late april
    1. Mix sieved seed or multipurpose compost with one third perlite, or other grit-like material
    2. water before sowing
    3. sow large seed individually, in individual containers, or plug trays with large cell sizes.
    4. The seed will need to be covered in compost to a depth roughly equivalent to the size of the seed.
    6. placed somewhere to germinate 18-21C. Place seed trays in a clear plastic bag will keep seed moist and protect from predators. Inspect every few days and the trays removed from the bag as soon as seedlings are seen emerging.
    7. harden off after threat of frost, when they have 3-4 leaves
18
Q

Describe the process of growing seeds in open ground/ outdoors: individually + named example

A

(runner beans)

19
Q

Describe the process of growing seeds in open ground/ outdoors: broadcast seed sowing + named example

A 
(grass seed mixture)
appropriate time of sowing 
describe the aftercare incl watering,
thinning, 
on-going weed control.
20
Q

Describe the process of growing seeds in open ground/ outdoors: ground prep

A 
weed control,
nutrition, 
levelling, 
consolidation, 
tilth.
21
Q

Describe the process of growing seeds in open ground/ outdoors: station sowing + named example

A
  1. Parsnip (Pastinaca sativa)
  2. Sown to a depth of 10 – 12mm in ‘V’ shaped drills with the seeds sown in stations of 3 - 4 seeds 70 – 100mm apart. Seeds can also be sown thinly in ‘V’ shaped drills.
in groups of 3 or 4 seeds (parsnip)
appropriate time of sowing 
describe the aftercare incl watering,
thinning, 
on-going weed control.
22
Q

Describe the process of growing seeds in open ground/ outdoors: or in a drill or trench + named example

A 
(peas)
appropriate time of sowing 
describe the aftercare incl watering,
thinning, 
on-going weed control.
23
Q

Describe the process of growing seeds in open ground/ outdoors: individually + named example

A 
(runner beans)
appropriate time of sowing 
describe the aftercare incl watering,
thinning, 
on-going weed control.
24
Q

State what is meant by the term ‘vegetative

propagation’.

A

State that vegetative propagation involves asexual reproduction and results in a clone (genetically identical material).

25
Q

Identify the benefit to the plant of asexual reproduction

A

fertilisation is unnecessary- expand eg seed production is costly. seed dormancy

26
Q

State what is meant by the term ‘vegetative

propagation’.

A

State that vegetative propagation involves asexual reproduction and results in a clone (genetically identical material). It involves separating a part of a plant from the parent and putting it into a situation where it will grow and become an independent plant.

27
Q

Identify the benefit to the plant of asexual reproduction

A

fertilisation is unnecessary- this can be necessary in environments where

  1. there may not be many pollinators such as bees to fertilise flowers,
  2. or in habitats where there is an intense struggle for survival and plants need to spread themselves as aggressively as possible
28
Q

Identify natural/artificial methods of vegetative propagation (9) with examples

A 
bulbs
corms - Iris psuedocorus
rhizomes - 
stolons/runners - 
suckers - 
stem and root tubers
divisions
layers
cuttings
29
Q

State horticultural benefits of propagating plants by vegetative means (4)

A

retains characteristics of parent plant
quick to mature
avoids seed dormancy problems
only possible method for some plants

30
Q

Describe the effect of juvenility and plant health

on successful propagation

A

(ability to form roots/stems). cambium. apical meristem

true to type

31
Q

State the characteristics of materials used in

growing media for vegetative propagation

A

to include: peat alternative, perlite, sand/grit. for drainage etc

32
Q

Describe how to manage the environment,

A

to include: temperature, moisture/drainage, airflow,
relative humidity to encourage the rooting
process.

33
Q

State how to avoid damage from ONE NAMED disease during the rooting process

A

damping off or botrytis

34
Q

Describe the aftercare of vegetatively propagated

plants (from 4.2), DO I NEED TO DO EACH ONE INDIVIDUALLY?

A

including the removal of
diseased, dead material, feeding, hardening off
(where appropriate), potting off (where
appropriate).

35
Q

State how to avoid damage from ONE NAMED

pest during the rooting process

A

Glasshouse whitefly

36
Q

4 things to remember when pricking out

A
  • never hold seedlings by the stem, as if you crush this you will kill the seedling; hold or pull them by their leaves,
  • try to break up the interlocked root mass of young seedlings as carefully as possible by gently teasing them apart at the roots,
  • pricking out when small reduces damage, and seedlings are less likely to have interlocked roots.
  • remember to firm back soil in containers

hort exams (6 decks)

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