Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

hort exams > Plant health > Flashcards

Plant health Flashcards

1
Q

symptoms of rabbit damage (4)

A

 Young shoots of herbaceous plants grazed to the ground
 Foliage and shoots of woody plants can be grazed up to a height of 50cm by rabbits standing on their hind legs
 Bark gnawed away from the base of tree trunks in winter when less food available. Kills the tree if ringbarked
 Holes and scrapes can be created in lawns and flowerbeds which can kill plants if uprooted and lawns can become uneven with bare patches if soil is left on the surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

benefits of cultural controls

A

Unlikely to harm beneficial organisms
􀁸 Safer for the environment compared to use of chemicals
􀁸 Safer for the operator as exposure to chemicals has been removed
􀁸 Can be used as a preventative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How can shade effect plant growth in specific plant disorders

A
  • etiolated growth (thin shoots and long internodes)
  • stems bend towards light
  • foliage is smaller than normal and flowers and fruit are poor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

define ‘physical control’ of pests

A

the removal of the pest or preventing the pest from reaching the plant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

five diseases and resistant varieties

A

 Potato ‘Mira’, ‘Cara’, ‘Valor’ for Potato Blight
 Rosa ‘Queen Elizabeth’, Rosa ‘Charisma’ for Rose Black Spot
 Hollyhock ‘Antwerp Mixed’ for Hollyhock Rust
 Cabbage ‘Kilaxy’, Cabbage ‘Kilaton’ for Club Root
 Carrot ‘Flyaway’ for Carrot Root Fly’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how to remedy disorders created by shade

A
  • shade tolerant plants e.g. Hedera helix
  • moving existing plants into a sunnier position
  • reduce overhanging branches and foliage
  • thin out seedlings to maximise available light
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe control for Rose Black Spot (4)

A
  • fallen leaves should be collected and destroyed by burning or local authority collection in the autumn or buried under a layer of mulch
  • stem lesions should be pruned out in spring prior to the appearance of new foliage.
  • Older species roses are less affected by black spot.
  • Roses can be sprayed with a fungicide e.g. tebuconazole concentrate.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

six examples of physical control of pests

A
  • fine mesh netting over brassicas to prevent cabbage whitefly from laying eggs
  • copper tape/ grit/eggshells/slug pubs to prevent slugs accessing plants
  • Hand picking pests e.g. slugs and destroying them by drowning
  • Rubbing off aphids and squishing
  • rabbit fencing
  • bird cage for berries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

benefit of hedgehogs

A

eat slugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

limitations of cultural controls

A

Needs to be carried out frequently to be effective
􀁸 Some pest damage may have to be accepted
􀁸 Must be carried out at the correct stage of the life cycle
􀁸 May not provide total control
􀁸 Can be labour intensive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name a contact herbicide and appropriate weed

A

Acetic acid

Poa annua or Veronica persica

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

physical method for removing perennial weeds in herb. border
provide 3 examples

A
  • must be carefully dug out of an herbaceous border with a border fork to remove all of the perennial roots without damaging the existing plants.
    examples: Calystegia sepium, Aegopodium podagraria, Elymus repens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

rabbit control methods (6)

A

 rabbit proof fencing. Bottom 30cm is buried below ground level with the lower 15cm bent outwards to prevent tunnelling
 plastic or biodegradable tree guards/spirals or wire netting to protect the trunks of young trees
 aluminium ammonium sulphate Animal repellents. These have a bitter taste
 licensed and safe shooting
 Traps can be used either to kill or catch rabbits. These must be checked regularly to ensure humane control
 Ferreting is a traditional method used to drive rabbits out of their burrow into nets placed over the tunnel entrance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

perennial weed characteristics (lawn)

A
  • storage organs e.g. tap roots and rhizomes, which enable the weeds to survive winter.
  • can re-grow from storage organs or produce stolons/runners, which eases reproduction.
  • often low growing, rosette shaped or mat forming avoiding close mowing.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how to overcome disorders created by high temperatures

A
  • plant selection
  • plant positioning
  • vulnerable plants out of direct sunlight
  • shade Tender seedlings in greenhouses.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Outline the life cycle of the vine weevil

and how biological control can be used

A

􀁸 Virtually all vine weevils are female
􀁸 Female vine weevil lay approximately 500-600 eggs during spring and summer in the soil near the base of plants
􀁸 Eggs hatch into larvae between 8 days at 27ºC and 56 days at 9ºC
􀁸 Larvae are ‘C’ shaped, 1mm in length, creamy white with a chestnut brown head
􀁸 Larvae burrow into the soil to overwinter and then pupate when they are fully grown, 13mm
􀁸 Adults emerge as dull black beetles in April
􀁸 Vine weevil have a life cycle that is a complete metamorphosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

symptoms of water logging

A

􀁸 Anaerobic conditions occurring in the root of plants
􀁸 Reduction in the uptake of nutrients and water causing yellowing of the leaves and wilting
􀁸 Blue-black roots which may be accompanied by a sour or rotting smell
􀁸 Plants may be stunted and have a reduced yield/flowers/fruit
􀁸 Some plants can suffer from oedema which can be identified as bumps or blisters on the leaves and stems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How can high pH effect plant growth in specific plant disorders (alkaline)

A
  • lime-induced chlorosis: iron deficiency symptoms i.e. interveinal chlorosis on calcifuge plants
  • Manganese, copper, zinc and boron deficiency.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

name some perennial lawn weeds (4)

A

Taraxacum officinale
Ranunculus repens
Trifolium repens
Bellis perennis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

typical lawn weeds

A 
Taraxacum officinale
Ranunculus repens
Trifolium repens
Poa annua
Veronica persica.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

biological control for cabbage white

A

A naturally occurring bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis, kills only caterpillars and not the predatory insects, and is very effective when sprayed thoroughly above and below leaves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

practices to used to restore the balance of natural plant protection in a garden. (6)

A

 bird boxes and bird feeders- blue tits eat aphids
 pond will encourage frogs and birds -slugs and aphids
 companion planting to reduce pesticide use
 barriers/fine netting - cabbage white butterfly laying eggs
 Establish permanent wildlife areas - log piles for hedgehogs and frogs to hide
 keep a messy area (leaves, sticks etc) -habitat for beneficial animals/ insects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

benefit of lacewings

A

aphids

24
Q

control methods for potato blight (6)

A

 destroy Infected material by burying more than 45cm deep or burn
 Potatoes should be earthed up prior to blight warnings to obtain some protection for tubers
 Select early harvested potatoes which are more likely to avoid infection
 access forecast warnings of when blight is active in their area e.g. Smith’s period or Hutton Criteria when there have been confirmed cases. fungicide application can then be planned
 When infection levels reach approximately 25% of leaves being infected or marks appear on stems, sever the stems near soil level and remove debris. When the tuber’s skin has hardened (approx two weeks later), lift tubers
 leave no rogue potatoes in the soil which could harbour the disease

25
Q

Name a translocated herbicide and appropriate weed

A

Glyphosate or 2,4-D

Ranunculus repens or Aegopodium podagraria

26
Q

how can selection of appropriate plants for soil conditions help prevent plant health problems?

A

 Select plants for the correct soil pH e.g. calcifuge or calcicole plants. Pieris japonica must be grown in an acid soil to prevent symptoms of lime-induced chlorosis due to iron being unavailable in a calcareous (lime) soil
pref grow cabbage in an alkaline soil to avoid club root which is more prevalent in an acid soil
 Select plants suitable for specific soil conditions e.g. wet/waterlogged i.e. Iris pseudacorus
 Crops e.g. carrots require specific soils e.g. well drained sandy soils without compaction or large stones. This avoids abnormal or stunted/distorted root growth of the carrots

27
Q

control methods for club root (6)

A

 A very long crop rotation
 Control of weeds, especially in the brassica family e.g. Capsella bursa pastoris that act as a host
 Maintain a soil pH of above 7.4 by liming as club root favours an acid soil
 Avoid the transference of contaminated soil from boots, tools and tractor wheels
 Grow plants in pots before transplanting to encourage a more established root system
 Grow resistant cultivars e.g. Cabbage ‘Kilaton F1’

28
Q

benefit of ladybirds

A

aphids

29
Q

Describe Rose Black Spot (a disease) (5)

A
  • A rapidly enlarging purplish or black patch appears of the upper surface of the leaf
  • leaf tissue around the spot may turn yellow and the leaf may drop
  • Small, black, scabby lesions may also appear on young stems.
  • Badly affected plants can shed almost all their leaves
  • vigour of the plant is greatly reduced.
30
Q

how to remedy disorders caused by high pH

A
  • incorporate sulphur, sulphur chips, aluminium sulphate, ferrous sulphate or pine needles
  • or foliar feed of iron sequestrine
31
Q

benefit of hoverfly

A

pollinators

32
Q

symptoms of cabbage white butterfly

A
  1. they eat large holes in leaves
  2. and tunnel into the hearts.
  3. Plants begin to rot and become spoiled with excrement (little brown dots)
33
Q

Describe how glasshouse whitefly feed including the damage they cause

A
  • feed by sucking the sap of plants by using a stylet
  • this reduces the vigour of the plant
  • excretes a sticky, sugary substance called honeydew onto upper side of the leaves
  • enables the growth of black sooty mould which can reduce the plants’ ability to photosynthesise. -can also transmit virus between plants with stylet.
34
Q

Describe how to minimise the risk to people AND the environment when applying herbicides (7)

A
  • operator PPE: coverall, gloves, boots and mask to prevent contact or contamination
     operator must be trained and qualified to ensure that it is done safely in accordance with regulations
     correct weather conditions e.g. force 2 wind speed (slight breeze) to ensure no off target spray drift
     Ensure that people, wildlife, animals, beneficial insects etc. are not in the area. This could include the erection of warning signs and selecting a time of day e.g. early morning or late evening when less animals/insects are in the area.
     Calibrate the sprayer correctly
  • only use the required amount of herbicide to reduce the need for disposal of excess
     buffer zone to protect watercourses and wildlife areas from potential contamination from drift or run off
35
Q

how to overcome disorders created by drought

A
  • selection of suitable plants
  • watering in all new plants thoroughly before mulching to 7.5cm depth of mulch (gravel/leaf mould)
  • automated irrigation system
36
Q

Describe Rose Balling (a disorder) (4)

A
  • flower bud often feels soft and slimy to the touch
  • outer petals turn brown becoming dry and crisp in places.
  • bud may drop off or if it remains on the plant grey mould can develop and cause it to rot.
  • bud cannot open and looks unsightly.
37
Q

Club Root life span?

A

up to 20 years

38
Q

how to remedy disorders caused by low pH

A

incorporate lime into the soil e.g. ground limestone, calcium carbonate, calcified seaweed, ground chalk etc.

39
Q

Club Root life cycle? (5)

A

 In the presence of brassicas, resting spores germinate and swim towards the brassica, entering through root hairs
 roots become distorted and swollen and form galls
 pathogen produces more resting spores in the affected tissue
 The affected tissue eventually rots/disintegrates and releases the spores back into the soil
 spores lie dormant in the soil until brassicas present

40
Q

benefit of birds

A

eat aphids and slugs

41
Q

State what is meant by the term ‘selective herbicide’

A 
selective herbicides control specific weed species while leaving the desired crop unharmed e.g. the herbicide would kill broad–leaved weeds in a lawn but not the grasses .
examples: 
2,4-D
MCPA
Dicamba
Mecoprop-P.
42
Q

life cycle of potato blight

A
  1. Potato blight is a microscopic, fungal organism whose spores easily break away from infected foliage and may be wind-blown during dull, humid weather.
  2. If a spore lands on a wet leaf surface it soon produces many zoospores that are dispersed on air currents which then settle and grow into the tissues of the leaf.
  3. After approximately 4 – 7 days in humid conditions a lesion is visible and new spores grow out from the lower leaf surface.
  4. These can detach from the stalks in air currents, drift off and may land on another leaf or stem and start a new infection.
43
Q

symptoms of potato cyst eelworm

A
  • patches of poor/stunted growth
  • signs of chlorosis develop from the ground upwards
  • many pin-head sized spherical cysts on the roots
  • developing eelworms disrupt uptake of water and nutrients
  • heavily infested plants will die prematurely and yield a poor crop of under-sized tubers
  • over successive years the infected area will grow until it is impossible to grow acceptable potatoes.
44
Q

Outline the life cycle of the cabbage white butterfly

and how biological control can be used (7)

A
  1. Cabbage white butterflies overwinter as pupae.
  2. Those that survive the cold months will hatch into butterflies during the spring.
  3. The butterflies mate then each female lays a few hundred eggs, in batches of 10-20 on the leaves of cabbages, other related plants and nasturtiums. They look like tiny little lemons.
  4. eggs hatch into yellow and black slightly hairy caterpillars after about two weeks
  5. caterpillars feed for a month or more and can reach 50mm in length before they turn into pupae
  6. when ready to pupate they attach themselves to a vertical surface eg fence or wall with a silk girdle
  7. they metamorphose into a butterfly and shed their skin in summer to begin the cycle again, ideally in time to overwinter as pupae
45
Q

symptoms of vine weevil damage

A
  1. ‘Notching’ of the leaf edges is carried out by adult weevils on evergreen foliage.
  2. Root damage is also carried out by the larvae which causes wilting, total collapse and often death of the plant especially in ornamental herbaceous plants.
46
Q

State how temperature affects the life cycle of the glasshouse whitefly

A
  • varies according to the temperature.
  • 10°C the life cycle takes several months
  • can be completed in three weeks at 21°C.
47
Q

benefit of frogs

A

eat slugs

48
Q

limitations of chemical controls

A

Pests and diseases can build up resistance to chemicals
􀁸 Beneficial organisms and wildlife can be damaged
􀁸 Damage can be caused to water courses/aquatic environment if used
incorrectly

49
Q

How can low pH effect plant growth in specific plant disorders (acid soil)

A
  • Yellow leaf spots leading to browning and leaf death
  • Stunted growth and calcium deficiency on calcicole plants growing in acid soil
  • Phosphorus, magnesium and potassium deficiency
  • pos. clubroot in brassicas
50
Q

How can high temperatures effect plant growth in specific plant disorders

A
  • Plants suffer water loss
  • leaf scorch
  • Woodland plants e.g. Acer palmatum vulnerable to sun damage
  • Camellia species develop brown patches on their leaves.
51
Q

How can drought effect plant growth in specific plant disorders

A
  • Water loss affects the roots from absorbing water which can interfere with plant growth
  • reduction in photosynthesis and poor growth
  • Leaves wilt, followed by leaf and bud loss
  • die back of shoots or the whole plant.
52
Q

Describe control method for Rose Balling (6)

A
  • Good air circulation needed to dry the flower buds quickly and can be achieved by appropriate pruning
  • plant in an open site
  • overhanging branches of trees should be removed.
  • water roses in the evening to avoid hot, sunny conditions
  • direct the water at the base of the plant not flower buds or foliage.
  • Affected flower buds should be removed to avoid grey mould
53
Q

list some cultural pest controls (7)

A
  • Removal of weeds from borders as some act as alternative hosts for specific pests and diseases e.g. Capsella bursa-pastoris is a host for clubroot
    􀁸 Crop rotation prevents the build-up of pests and diseases
    􀁸 Good hygiene practices e.g. cleaning and sterilising tools, equipment and greenhouses reduces the incidence of pests overwintering
    􀁸 Not composting pest and disease infected material
    􀁸 Not composting perennial weeds e.g. Taraxacum officinale
    􀁸 Removal and burning fallen leaves of e.g. roses to prevent the spread of rose black spot
    􀁸 Growing resistant cultivars e.g. Carrot ‘Fly Away’ which is resistant to carrot fly
54
Q

outline the life cycle of the slug

and how biological controls can be used

A
  1. slugs can lay between 10-40 eggs per cluster. Up to 400 in a life time. Eggs resemble small glass beads or pearls 2-3mm diameter.
  2. most eggs are laid in early spring, but mature slugs can also lay eggs in the autumn to overwinter.
  3. at 5C eggs incubate for 3-5 months, at 20C they can hatch in 2 or 3 weeks
  4. Baby slugs are called neonates and do not cause that much damage. As they mature the damage caused increases.
  5. They can reproduce at 1.5-3 months. They are hermaphrodites so both can lay eggs. They mate but can also be self fertile.
  6. Depending on species they can live 6-12 months or even 18 months.
55
Q

detrimental effects of weeds in a garden (4)

A
  • reduce plant vigour as compete for light, moisture and nutrients
  • lack of light can lead to etiolated plant growth and leaf yellowing
  • can make a border look messy
  • alternate hosts for pests and diseases e.g. Capsella bursa pastoris for club root
56
Q

typical weeds in woody perennial planting

A 
Aegopodium podagraria
Rumex obtusifolius
Elymus repens
Cardamine hirsuta
Capsella bursa pastoris
57
Q

benefits of chemical controls

A

Targets the pest/disease/weed at the most susceptible stage of its life cycle
􀁸 Can be pest specific
􀁸 Can be fast acting and reduce the pest problem quickly

hort exams (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions