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hort exams > fruit and veg > Flashcards

fruit and veg Flashcards

1
Q

how does soil texture affect the selection of a site for outdoor food production (7)

A

 Sandy soils warm up earlier in the spring which enables earlier sowing and planting of crops
 Sandy soils have poor moisture retention
 Root crops e.g. carrots prefer a sandy soil
 Clay soils retain their warmth for longer in the autumn
 Clay soils are cold and are slow to warm up in the spring
 Clay soils are nutrient rich
 Brassicas perform better on clay soils

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2
Q

how does susceptibility to wind affect the selection of a site for outdoor food production (4)

A

 Broken branches may occur on fruit trees
 Blossom and fruit being blown from fruit trees
 Pollinators are unable to fly in windy conditions
 Support structures may be blown over

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3
Q

list some limitations of growing fruit and vegetables in a small garden (5)

A
  • Difficult to rotate crops or is less effective
  • Lack of space to grow top fruit
  • More difficult to grow permanent plantings e.g. asparagus, rhubarb, soft fruit
  • Optimum spacing may have to be reduced resulting in smaller vegetables/yield
  • Not possible to use machinery e.g. a rotary cultivator
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4
Q

what is a cultivation window (3)

A
  1. the optimum time to cultivate any soil type, including a heavy clay or loam soil without damaging the structure.
  2. Cultivation is carried out when the soil is not too dry or too wet.
  3. A ‘cultivation window’ can be very narrow and is ideally optimised before any inclement weather, including winter frosts.
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5
Q

secondary cultivation techniques used to
create a seed bed:
consolidation

A

Consolidation is the process where the soil surface is lightly trod using the heels of your boots or it is tamped down using the reversed head of a garden rake. This is carried out to remove the large air pockets in the soil.
(Candidates who described removing all air pockets could not be awarded any marks as this would result in soil compaction)

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6
Q

secondary cultivation techniques used to
create a seed bed:
tilth production

A

With the use of a garden rake the previously consolidated and levelled soil surface should be raked in all directions to break up any clods and to remove large stones. The aim is to create a friable soil surface with a fine crumb structure.

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7
Q

name some Brussels Sprouts cultivars

A

‘Revenge’
‘Diablo’
‘Peer Gynt’
‘Maximus’.

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8
Q

describe method for sowing Brussels Sprouts (excluding seed bed preparation)

A
  1. The seeds are sown undercover in late winter/early spring
  2. in modules at a depth of 1-1.5cm to encourage good tap roots.
  3. The seeds can also be sown outdoors in early spring in a prepared seed bed.
  4. They are sown thinly in drills 1cm deep and 15-30cm apart.
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9
Q

describe method for Transplanting or Planting Out Brussels Sprouts (7)

A
  1. Transplant indoor module grown plants in mid/late spring
  2. and outdoor grown plants from mid spring to early summer.
  3. The transplants should be approximately 10-15cm tall and have between 5-7 leaves.
  4. The transplants should be planted deeply up to the first pair of true leaves
  5. at a spacing of 60-75cm between the plants and between the rows and firmed in well.
  6. A collar can be placed around the neck of the transplants to prevent cabbage root fly damage.
  7. Transplants should be watered in after planting.
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10
Q

name some radish cultivars

A

‘French Breakfast’
‘Ping Pong’
‘Rudi’
‘Sparkler’

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11
Q

describe method for sowing radishes (excluding seed bed preparation) (3)

A
  1. Radish are sown from March until September where early and late sowings can be covered with a cloche or fleece.
  2. Seed is sown thinly in pre-watered drills 0.5-1.5cm deep
  3. Rows are spaced 10-15cm apart. Radish can be sown successionally in short rows as they grow fast.
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12
Q

describe method for thinning radishes (4)

A
  1. Radish should be thinned to 3cm apart to prevent spindly growth.
  2. Thinning radish allows the remaining roots to develop fully.
  3. Unwanted radish are carefully pulled up by the foliage to avoid disturbance to the remainder of the crop.
  4. The remaining crop should be firmed and watered after thinning.
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13
Q

name some radish pests and their control methods (4)

A
  • Flea beetle which can be controlled by growing radish under horticultural fleece or ultrafine enviromesh
  • Slugs which can be controlled using a beer trap, sawdust, egg shells, the nematode Pharsmarhabditis hermaphrodita, hand picking or the use of pellets of ferric phosphate.
  • Cabbage root fly can be controlled by covering the radish with horticultural fleece
  • Pigeons are controlled by growing radish under netting
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14
Q

name some apple cultivars

A

‘Bramley’s Seedling’
‘Cox’s Orange Pippin’
‘Discovery’
‘Egremont Russet’

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15
Q

Describe the formative pruning of an open-centred bush apple tree (8)

A
  1. The aim is to produce a goblet-shaped tree on top of a clear trunk with a balanced branch system.
  2. Pruning is carried out in the dormant season between November and early March.
  3. For a feathered maiden tree the central stem is cut back just above strong shoot approximately 60-80cm above the ground in the first year. This is to ensure that there are 3-4 evenly spaced shoots below.
  4. These branches are shortened by half to two thirds cutting to an outward facing bud. Any remaining lower branches are removed.
  5. During the second year the previous years’ growth on the main stems/branches are shortened by a third leaving eight to ten branches to form a permanent framework.
  6. The side branches arising from the main stems are not pruned.
  7. Any strong upright shoots that develop at the top of the tree are removed.
  8. Pruning in the third year is the same as for the second year.
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16
Q

benefits of training apple trees as espaliers

A

 Easy access to trees for maintenance and to harvest the fruit
 Allows good fruit production in a small space
 Heavy fruit yield as more lateral spurs
 Aesthetically pleasing

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17
Q

name a strawberry pest and control measure

A
  • Two-Spotted Red Spider Mite

- maintaining humidity and spraying with fatty acids.

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18
Q

name a raspberry pest and control measure

A
  • Raspberry Beetle

- use of a pheromone trap or spraying with natural pyrethrum or lambda-cyhalothrin

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19
Q

name a blackcurrant pest and control measure

A
  • Blackcurrant Gall Midge
  • hoeing under the bushes in dry weather to destroy the pupae
  • or plant resistant cultivars e.g. Blackcurrant ‘Ben Hope’.
  • Blackcurrant Gall Midge can also be controlled by spraying with Deltamethrin.
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20
Q

name an apple pest and control method

A
  • Codling Moth

- pheromone traps or spraying with natural pyrethrin or cypermethrin

21
Q

name a plum pest and control method

A
  • Mealy Plum Aphid
  • squashing them between fingers and thumb
  • encouraging natural predators e.g. ladybirds and hoverflies
  • and by spraying with deltamethrin.
22
Q

how does the area of land available affect the suitability of a site for outdoor food production (4)

A
  • a large area of land is suitable for widely spaced crops e.g. Brussels sprouts, potatoes, asparagus and fruit trees
  • whereas a small area of land is more suited to salad crops, carrots, beetroot.
  • It is more difficult to rotate crops on a small piece of land
  • and to use machinery
23
Q

how does the soil texture affect the suitability of a site for outdoor food production (4)

A
  1. Sandy soils are light, easy to cultivate, warm up quickly in spring but do not hold moisture as they are free draining.
  2. They are suitable for growing root and salad crops.
  3. Heavy soils e.g. clay are cultivated in the autumn to allow weathering to break down the clods, do not warm up very quickly in the spring which delays sowing
  4. heavy soils are good for brassicas, blackcurrants, plums.
24
Q

how does drainage affect the suitability of a site for outdoor food production

A
  1. It is preferable to have a site with soil which is moisture retentive and free draining
  2. poor drainage reduces yield and the quality of crops and leads to anaerobic conditions, root rot, shallow rooting and drying out of crops.
  3. Poor drainage can lead to acidic conditions making clubroot more likely on brassicas.
  4. Some crops are more tolerant of poor drainage e.g. blackcurrants.
25
Q

how does Susceptibility to Wind affect the suitability of a site for outdoor food production (8)

A
  1. causes a reduction in the quality and yield of crops due to
  2. wind rock,
  3. desiccation
  4. wind scorch
  5. increased transpiration
  6. fruit blown from trees
  7. crops blown over e.g. runner beans
  8. and poor pollination as bees do not fly in windy conditions
26
Q

types of non-living permeable windbreak

A 
Netlon 
trellis
hit and miss fencing
open patterned brick wall
willow/hazel screens
Paraweb
27
Q

describe double digging (5)

A
  1. The area to be dug is marked out and a trench 30cm deep (one spit) is dug
  2. the soil is placed at the end of the area.
  3. The base of the trench is forked to 30cm deep into which bulky organic matter is incorporated.
  4. The next trench is dug, inverting the soil into the previous one. This continues until the final trench is dug.
  5. This trench is filled with the soil from the first trench
28
Q

benefits of rotary cultivation (5)

A 
- Less labour intensive than digging
 Easier for large areas
 Buries annual weeds
 Incorporates organic matter and fertiliser
 Creates a tilth on uncultivated land
29
Q

limitations of rotary cultivation (5)

A
  • Chops up and distributes roots of perennial weeds
     Creates a rotavation pan
     Destroys structure of top soil
     Unsuitable for raised or narrow beds
     Some machines can be heavy and difficult to use in small areas
30
Q

name some lettuce pests

A 
slugs/snails
lettuce aphid
lettuce root aphid
rabbits
pigeons
31
Q

name some lettuce diseases

A

grey mould/botrytis
lettuce downy mildew
lettuce powdery mildew
bacterial soft rot

32
Q

symptoms of lettuce root aphid (2)

A
  1. plants wilt and grow slowly in sunny weather while the roots are covered in a white, powdery wax.
  2. Creamy/yellow coloured aphids are found on the roots.
33
Q

Control Method for Lettuce Root Aphid (3)

A
  1. grow resistant cultivars on a new site each year
  2. and keep them well watered.
  3. Do not grow lettuce in the proximity of Lombardy Poplars as they are an over wintering host for lettuce root aphid.
34
Q

Symptoms of Grey Mould/Botrytis on Lettuce (2)

A
  1. Fluffy grey fungal growth appears on leaves and the stem will rot if the infection starts near the base of the plant.
  2. The plant will wilt and death can occur.
35
Q

Control Method for Grey Mould/Botrytis (3)

A
  1. Remove all plant debris which may harbour the fungus and all infected leaves.
  2. Improve ventilation between plants
  3. and water in the early evening to allow time for the leaves to dry.
36
Q

beetroot cultivars

A

‘Boltardy’
‘Crimson Globe’
‘Bullsblood’
‘Detroit Red Globe’.

37
Q

describe method for sowing beetroot (5)

A
  1. Outside from April to June
  2. in drills 2-3cm deep and 20-30cm apart.
  3. The drill can be watered before sowing the seed thinly or individually placed 2.5cm apart.
  4. Successional sowings can be made every two weeks
  5. or the seeds can be sown in modules in a greenhouse in March and transplanted when small.
38
Q

describe method for thinning beetroot (3)

A
  1. Seedlings should be thinned as soon as possible.
  2. If mini beets are required (golf ball size) thin to 2.5 – 4cm apart.
  3. If regular beets are required (tennis ball size) thin to 7 – 8cm apart.
39
Q

describe method for harvesting beetroot (3)

A
  1. Beetroot are harvested 10 – 12 weeks after sowing when they are golf ball or tennis ball size.
  2. They are lifted carefully with a fork to avoid damaging the root and the leaves are twisted off to avoid bleeding.
  3. The roots should not be left in the soil too long or they will become woody.
40
Q

name a raspberry disease and describe symptoms

A

grey mould/botrytis

produces grey/off white or grey/brown fuzzy fungal growth on all of the above ground parts of the plant.

41
Q

name a strawberry disease and describe symptoms

A

strawberry powdery mildew
grey/white patches on the underside of the leaves and red blotches on the upper surfaces of the leaf. The flowers become distorted and fail to open

42
Q

name a blackcurrant disease and describe symptoms

A

blackcurrant reversion virus

causes the flowers to appear shiny, a reduced yield and a reduction in the size and shape of the leaves.

43
Q

name an apple disease and describe symptoms

A

apple scab
causes the development of blackish/brown scabby patches on the fruits, greenish/grey spots on the foliage and the fruits become cracked or split in extreme cases.

44
Q

name a plum disease and describe symptoms

A

bacterial canker
clearly defined areas of bark flatten and sink inwards and amber-coloured resin-like ooze may appear. The buds at the tips of branches may fail to open and the leaves may appear but wither and die back. The foliage on affected branches are small and yellow in colour

45
Q

name some blackcurrant cultivars

A

‘Ben Connan’
‘Ben Hope’
‘Ebony’
‘Titania’

46
Q

how to harvest and store blackcurrants (3)

A
  1. harvested by hand when the fruits are dry, black and plump.
  2. Whole strings are removed and any diseased or damaged fruit is discarded.
  3. The fruits can be stored in a refrigerator for a short period of time and frozen or bottled for longer term storage.
47
Q

name some plum cultivars

A

Victoria’
‘Czar’
‘Blue Tit’
‘Marjorie’s Seedling’

48
Q

how to harvest and store plums (4)

A
  1. harvested in dry weather when they are fully ripe and just soft to the touch.
    They are carefully lifted with the stalk intact.
  2. Do not twist the fruits as this can damage the fragile skin and cause rot.
  3. The tree must be checked regularly for ripening fruit.
  4. The fruits can be stored in a refrigerator for a short period of time and bottled, frozen or dried for longer term storage.

hort exams (6 decks)

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