prokaryotic cells

Question 1

what’s different about prokaryotic

Answer 1

smaller, circular, simpler, transcription & translation coupled to DNA synthesis, cytoplasmic membrane used for energy conservation reactions

Question 2

what’s different about eukaryotic

Answer 2

larger, DNA in membrane- bound nucleus, membrane bound organelles, DNA replication and transcription in nucleus, translation in cytoplasm

Question 3

bacteria and archaea are

Answer 3

prokaryotic

Question 4

extremophiles

Answer 4

they can live in high temp, salt or pressure

Question 5

eukarya are?

Answer 5

eukaryotic

Question 6

viruses

Answer 6

are NOT cells

Question 7

surface area (4πr2 =
 volume (4/3  πr3=

Answer 7

12. 6μm

2. 3 μm3

Question 8

surface area to volume ratio

Answer 8

•growth rate depends on nutrient exchange •smaller cells grow faster •every time a cell replicates- mutation •rapid growth promotes evolution as prokaryotes are haploid so changes are quickly expressed •consequence for adaptation to a new enviro (antibiotic resistance) •small cells adapt many enviro

Question 9

cytoplasmic membrane

Answer 9

•hydrophilic heads •hydrophobic tails •bacterial snd eukaryotic have ester linkage to fatty acids to glycerol •archaea have ester bonds and lipid monolayers

Question 10

functions of a cytoplasmic membrane

Answer 10

•polar and charged molecules can’t pass freely •prevents leakage •nutrient in and waste out •anchor for proteins for transport •transport of solutes in and out •proton motive source (energy)

Question 11

permeability barrier

Answer 11

prevents leakage and functions as a gateway for transport of nutrient in and out of the cell

Question 12

protein anchor

Answer 12

site of many proteins involved in transport (movement o a cell in a direction either down or up a gradient

Question 13

energy conservation

Answer 13

site of generation and use of proton motive force

Question 14

bacterial cell walls

Answer 14

• rigid and prevents cell lysis •osmotic pressure is caused by transport of solutes into cell (like cell tyres)
• 2 types- gram poss and gram neg

Question 15

break down of cell

Answer 15

lysis

Question 16

peptidolglycan

Answer 16

•gives rigidity •backbone of N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid •has cross linked amino acids •destroyed by hysozymes (tears and saliva •target for amino acids

Question 17

gram stain

Answer 17

•due to diff structure of the cell wall 1. crystal violet added 1 min, rinse with water - purple 2. add iodine1 min 3. add acetone or alcohol 10-30 then rinse

Question 18

gram poss

Answer 18

purple

Question 19

gram neg

Answer 19

pink , contains phospholipid and polysaccharide called lipopolysaccharide layer (LPS)

Question 20

outer membrane

Answer 20

gram neg bacteria - contais phospholipids and polysaccharide - layer called lipopolysaccharide layer (LPS)

Question 21

capsule and slime layers

Answer 21

•often polysaccharides •attach to solid surfaces •key in biofilm •impede phagocytosis by immune system,

Question 22

fimbrae

Answer 22

•flagella - whip like movement- enables adherence to surface and tissue •fimbriae - smaller move stuff around in throat cilia

Question 23

pili

Answer 23

•long tubule •transfers DNA from 1 o another called congregation allows resistance to antibiotics

Question 24

flagella

Answer 24

•locomotion •runs- all rotate in a counter clockwise and bundle together, chemotaxis moves towards an attractant •tumbles- rotate clockwise and spin randomly

Question 25

endospores

Answer 25

some gram poss bacteria bactilius •survival can withstand- radiation, chem, heat ad desiccation