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Prokaryotic cells Flashcards

1
Q

Why are microbes important in food?

A

Preservation and fermentation

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2
Q

How do microbes aid agriculture?

A

N2 fixation to NH3 in legumes via rhizobium and nutrient cycling

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3
Q

What role do microbes play in animal husbandry?

A

Aid digestion in rumen

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4
Q

Where do microbes exist in humans?

A

Gut microbiota

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5
Q

How do microbes affect health?

A

Cause and fight disease

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6
Q

What is an environmental role of microbes?

A

Methanogenic bacteria for energy and environment

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7
Q

How are microbes used in biotechnology?

A

Genetic modification

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8
Q
A
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9
Q

Do bacteria and archaea have a nuclear envelope?

A

No

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10
Q

Do bacteria and archaea have membrane-enclosed organelles?

A

No

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11
Q

Do bacteria and archaea have circular chromosomes?

A

Yes

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12
Q

Do bacteria have peptidoglycan?

A

Yes

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13
Q

Do archaea have peptidoglycan?

A

No

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14
Q

What type of membrane lipids do bacteria have?

A

Unbranched hydrocarbons

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15
Q

What type of membrane lipids do archaea have?

A

Branched hydrocarbons

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16
Q

How many RNA polymerases do bacteria have?

A

One

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17
Q

How many RNA polymerases do archaea have?

A

Several

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18
Q

Are introns found in bacteria?

A

Rarely

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19
Q

Are introns found in archaea?

A

In some genes

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20
Q

Do bacteria have histones?

A

No

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21
Q

Do archaea have histones?

A

Yes

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22
Q

Can archaea grow above 100°C?

A

Yes

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23
Q

Can bacteria grow above 100°C?

A

No

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24
Q
A
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25
Why do eukaryotes have compartments?
SA:vol ratio
26
What limits diffusion and metabolism in cells?
Cell size and surface area
27
28
What are three shapes of bacteria?
Rod
29
What is the typical size of E. coli?
1x2 micrometres
30
What is the size of thiomargarita namibiensis?
750 micrometres
31
Why is SA:vol important?
Limits size of single-celled organisms
32
33
What is the bacterial membrane made of?
Phospholipid bilayer
34
Describe phospholipid structure?
Hydrophilic head
35
Do bacterial membranes contain cholesterol?
No
36
Are bacterial membranes dynamic?
Yes
37
What type of bacteria have double membranes?
Gram negative
38
What are types of membrane proteins?
Transmembrane
39
Functions of the cell membrane?
Regulation
40
41
Why are aquaporins important?
Control water flow to prevent lysis or dehydration
42
What prevents cell lysis in bacteria?
Peptidoglycan cell wall
43
44
How are archaeal membranes different?
Isoprene chains
45
46
What is the permeability barrier?
Selective substance control across membrane
47
What is the protein anchor?
Holds proteins for transport and signalling
48
What are types of transport proteins?
Simple
49
What does ATPase do?
Conserves energy
50
51
What does the cell wall do?
Prevents lysis due to turgor pressure
52
How does Gram staining work?
Crystal violet
53
What does Gram positive look like?
Purple
54
What does Gram negative look like?
Pink
55
What is peptidoglycan made of?
NAG and NAM with amino acid chains
56
How are peptidoglycan strands crosslinked?
By amino acids
57
What does crosslinking provide?
Rigidity in all directions
58
What is a key crosslink in Gram positive?
Diaminopimelic acid to D-alanine
59
How much peptidoglycan in Gram negative?
Less than 10 percent
60
How much peptidoglycan in Gram positive?
More than 90 percent
61
What are teichoic acids?
Bind ions and give cell surface negative charge
62
How does Gram positive appear under microscope?
Smooth
63
How does Gram negative appear under microscope?
Wrinkled due to LPS
64
What is lipopolysaccharide?
Outer layer in Gram negative
65
What are LPS components?
Core and O-polysaccharide
66
What is archaeal cell wall made of?
Pseudopeptidoglycan
67
How are archaeal glycosidic bonds different?
B1-3 instead of B1-4
68
How to kill bacteria using cell wall?
Break peptide or glycosidic bonds
69
70
What is the bacterial secretory system?
Multiprotein structures for secretion and recognition
71
What are fimbriae and pili?
Transfer plasmid DNA between bacteria
72
What are flagella used for?
Movement
73
What shapes flagella motion?
Helical body and embedded ring structure
74
What do fli proteins do?
Cause flagellar rotation
75
What do mot proteins do?
Use electrostatic changes to rotate base
76
77
What is the bacterial capsule?
Polysaccharide matrix around cell
78
Functions of capsule?
Surface attachment
79
What are cell inclusions?
Energy or structural storage
80
What are gas vesicles?
Buoyancy control in bacteria and archaea
81
82
What is the bacterial cytoskeleton?
Structure in rod-shaped bacteria
83
What is the bacterial chromosome?
Circular
84
How is the genome organised?
Clusters by function
85
What is a plasmid?
Small circular DNA separate from chromosome
86
What genes do plasmids carry?
Antibiotic resistance and metabolism
87
How do plasmids help evolution?
Share genes and solve environmental challenges
88
How do plasmids replicate?
Independently from main genome
89
How are plasmids used in biotech?
Amplify cloned DNA via bacterial replication

Dynamic cell learned (12 decks)

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