Prokaryotes and viruses

Question 1

What is microbiology?

Answer 1

The study of microscopic organisms such as prokaryotes, viruses, and eukaryotes like protists and fungi

Question 2

Who is considered to be the “father of microbiology” and why

Answer 2

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek for being the first to identify and describe unicellular organisms in the 1600s

Question 3

Where is most prokaryotic DNA concentrated

Answer 3

In the nucleoid

Question 4

Some DNA is in separate rings called ________

Answer 4

Plasmids

Question 5

T/F
Humans have roughly the same number of bacteria cells as they do human cells

Answer 5

True

Question 6

What are three major characteristics of prokaryotes

Answer 6

Shape, structure, and motility/movement

Question 7

What shape is cocci

Answer 7

Round or spherical

Question 8

What shape is bacilli

Answer 8

Rod-shaped or oval

Question 9

What shape is Spirilla

Answer 9

Spiral

Question 10

What does the prefix “strepto” mean

Answer 10

A chain of cells

Question 11

What does the prefix “staph” mean

Answer 11

A cluster of cells

Question 12

What is a visible mass of microorganisms that originate from one cell

Answer 12

A bacterial colony

Question 13

What are bacterial cell walls made of

Answer 13

Peptidoglycan

Question 14

What is peptidoglycan

Answer 14

A polymer of sugars linked by short polypeptides

Question 15

What is a capsule

Answer 15

An additional layer of protection outside the cell wall

Question 16

T/F
Prokaryotic flagella have a different structure and movement pattern than eukaryotic flagella?

Answer 16

True

Question 17

What are pili

Answer 17

Hair-like appendages on the cell surface that are shorter and thinner than flagella

Question 18

How are carbon atoms obtained

Answer 18

Through carbon dioxide or organic compounds

Question 19

What type of bacteria requires oxygen for metabolism

Answer 19

Aerobic bacteria

Question 20

What is aerobic bacteria also known as

Answer 20

Obligate aerobes

Question 21

What type of bacteria cannot grow in the presence of oxygen

Answer 21

Anaerobic bacteria

Question 22

What is anaerobic bacteria also known as

Answer 22

Obligate anaerobes

Question 23

What does the prefix “ana” mean

Answer 23

Without

Question 24

What is binary fission

Answer 24

The form of asexual reproduction used by prokaryotes

Question 25

What are the four ways genetic variation can occur in prokaryotes

Answer 25

Mutation, transformation, conjugation, and transduction

Question 26

What process occurs when a bacterial cell copies and transfers a plasmid to another cell through a bridge that connects the 2 cells

Answer 26

Conjugation

Question 27

What is used to form the bridge between 2 cells used in conjugation

Answer 27

Pilus

Question 28

What is the energy source and carbon source for a photoautotrouph

Answer 28

Sunlight and CO2

Question 29

What is the energy source and carbon source for a chemoautotroph

Answer 29

Inorganic chemicals and CO2

Question 30

What is the energy source and carbon source for a photoheterotroph

Answer 30

Sunlight and organic compounds

Question 31

What is the energy source and carbon source for a chemoheterotroph

Answer 31

Organic compounds and organic compounds

Question 32

What vital role does bacteria play in the enviornment

Answer 32

Decomposers

Question 33

What type of bacteria live in nodules on the roots of plants and convert nitrogen from the atmosphere into a form plants can use

Answer 33

Nitrogen-fixers

Question 34

What uses bacteria and fungi in processes such as brewing and baking

Answer 34

Biotechnology

Question 35

What is an example of genetic engineering

Answer 35

Using transformed bacteria cells in the production of insulin and other pharmaceuticals

Question 36

What is bioremediation

Answer 36

A waste management technique that uses bacteria and other organisms to remove/neutralize pollutants such as pesticides and other toxic chemicals

Question 37

What does symbiotic mean

Answer 37

An interaction/relationship between two different organisms

Question 38

What is the main difference between bacteria and viruses

Answer 38

Bacteria is alive and viruses are not

Question 39

What are characteristics of viruses

Answer 39

Not living, multicellular, viruses need a host to survive, cannot reproduce on their own, has a protein coat (capsid)

Question 40

What is a virus that contains RNA called

Answer 40

A retrovirus

Question 41

What are the characteristics of bacteria

Answer 41

Living, unicellular, most produce their own food, has a cell wall

Question 42

What are chemicals that prevent or slow the growth of bacteria

Answer 42

Antibiotics

Question 43

Lysogenic

Answer 43

When viral DNA is incorporated into the host cells DNA and reproduces without destroying the cell

Question 44

What is a pathogen

Answer 44

Any microorganism that causes disease

Question 45

What does conjugation require the transfer of

Answer 45

Plasmids

Question 46

How are bacteria cell walls different from plant cell walls

Answer 46

Bacteria cell walls are made of peptidoglycan instead of cellulose

Question 47

All viruses are _________

Answer 47

Pathogens

Question 48

What is a pathogen

Answer 48

Any living thing that causes disease

Question 49

The host cell makes copies of DNA/proteins, new viruses are constructed and released as the cell ruptures

Answer 49

Lytic cycle

Question 50

Viral DNA becomes incorporated into host cell DNA and is reproduced as the host cell reproduces

Answer 50

Lysogenic

Question 51

What is an antibiotic

Answer 51

A chemical that slows/prevents the growth of bacteria

Question 52

Who accidentally discovered penicillin

Answer 52

Alexander Fleming

Question 53

What are some common viruses in humans

Answer 53

Flu, chickenpox, HIV, and herpes

Question 54

Who created the first successful vaccine for smallpox

Answer 54

Edward Jenner