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Biology > Prokaryotes and viruses > Flashcards

Prokaryotes and viruses Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is microbiology?

A

The study of microscopic organisms such as prokaryotes, viruses, and eukaryotes like protists and fungi

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2
Q

Who is considered to be the “father of microbiology” and why

A

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek for being the first to identify and describe unicellular organisms in the 1600s

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3
Q

Where is most prokaryotic DNA concentrated

A

In the nucleoid

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4
Q

Some DNA is in separate rings called ________

A

Plasmids

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5
Q

T/F
Humans have roughly the same number of bacteria cells as they do human cells

A

True

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6
Q

What are three major characteristics of prokaryotes

A

Shape, structure, and motility/movement

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7
Q

What shape is cocci

A

Round or spherical

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8
Q

What shape is bacilli

A

Rod-shaped or oval

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9
Q

What shape is Spirilla

A

Spiral

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10
Q

What does the prefix “strepto” mean

A

A chain of cells

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11
Q

What does the prefix “staph” mean

A

A cluster of cells

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12
Q

What is a visible mass of microorganisms that originate from one cell

A

A bacterial colony

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13
Q

What are bacterial cell walls made of

A

Peptidoglycan

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14
Q

What is peptidoglycan

A

A polymer of sugars linked by short polypeptides

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15
Q

What is a capsule

A

An additional layer of protection outside the cell wall

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16
Q

T/F
Prokaryotic flagella have a different structure and movement pattern than eukaryotic flagella?

A

True

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17
Q

What are pili

A

Hair-like appendages on the cell surface that are shorter and thinner than flagella

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18
Q

How are carbon atoms obtained

A

Through carbon dioxide or organic compounds

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19
Q

What type of bacteria requires oxygen for metabolism

A

Aerobic bacteria

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20
Q

What is aerobic bacteria also known as

A

Obligate aerobes

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21
Q

What type of bacteria cannot grow in the presence of oxygen

A

Anaerobic bacteria

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22
Q

What is anaerobic bacteria also known as

A

Obligate anaerobes

23
Q

What does the prefix “ana” mean

A

Without

24
Q

What is binary fission

A

The form of asexual reproduction used by prokaryotes

25
Q

What are the four ways genetic variation can occur in prokaryotes

A

Mutation, transformation, conjugation, and transduction

26
Q

What process occurs when a bacterial cell copies and transfers a plasmid to another cell through a bridge that connects the 2 cells

A

Conjugation

27
Q

What is used to form the bridge between 2 cells used in conjugation

A

Pilus

28
Q

What is the energy source and carbon source for a photoautotrouph

A

Sunlight and CO2

29
Q

What is the energy source and carbon source for a chemoautotroph

A

Inorganic chemicals and CO2

30
Q

What is the energy source and carbon source for a photoheterotroph

A

Sunlight and organic compounds

31
Q

What is the energy source and carbon source for a chemoheterotroph

A

Organic compounds and organic compounds

32
Q

What vital role does bacteria play in the enviornment

A

Decomposers

33
Q

What type of bacteria live in nodules on the roots of plants and convert nitrogen from the atmosphere into a form plants can use

A

Nitrogen-fixers

34
Q

What uses bacteria and fungi in processes such as brewing and baking

A

Biotechnology

35
Q

What is an example of genetic engineering

A

Using transformed bacteria cells in the production of insulin and other pharmaceuticals

36
Q

What is bioremediation

A

A waste management technique that uses bacteria and other organisms to remove/neutralize pollutants such as pesticides and other toxic chemicals

37
Q

What does symbiotic mean

A

An interaction/relationship between two different organisms

38
Q

What is the main difference between bacteria and viruses

A

Bacteria is alive and viruses are not

39
Q

What are characteristics of viruses

A

Not living, multicellular, viruses need a host to survive, cannot reproduce on their own, has a protein coat (capsid)

40
Q

What is a virus that contains RNA called

A

A retrovirus

41
Q

What are the characteristics of bacteria

A

Living, unicellular, most produce their own food, has a cell wall

42
Q

What are chemicals that prevent or slow the growth of bacteria

A

Antibiotics

43
Q

Lysogenic

A

When viral DNA is incorporated into the host cells DNA and reproduces without destroying the cell

44
Q

What is a pathogen

A

Any microorganism that causes disease

45
Q

What does conjugation require the transfer of

A

Plasmids

46
Q

How are bacteria cell walls different from plant cell walls

A

Bacteria cell walls are made of peptidoglycan instead of cellulose

47
Q

All viruses are _________

A

Pathogens

48
Q

What is a pathogen

A

Any living thing that causes disease

49
Q

The host cell makes copies of DNA/proteins, new viruses are constructed and released as the cell ruptures

A

Lytic cycle

50
Q

Viral DNA becomes incorporated into host cell DNA and is reproduced as the host cell reproduces

A

Lysogenic

51
Q

What is an antibiotic

A

A chemical that slows/prevents the growth of bacteria

52
Q

Who accidentally discovered penicillin

A

Alexander Fleming

53
Q

What are some common viruses in humans

A

Flu, chickenpox, HIV, and herpes

54
Q

Who created the first successful vaccine for smallpox

A

Edward Jenner

Biology (9 decks)

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