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Lecture Unit 1 > Prokaryotes > Flashcards

Prokaryotes Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Which cells have a plasma membrane?
A

All cells, Prokaryote and Eukaryote

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2
Q
  1. What types of substances does the plasma membrane allow to enter and exit?
A

It allows low molecular weight (small sized) substances (such as water) to get in and out depending on their concentration within the cell and outside of it.

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3
Q
  1. What are the functions of the plasma membrane?
A
  • It holds the organelles inside of the cell
  • Allows some substances to come and go (oxygen and water molecules), but does not allow other things to get inside or leave.
  • It regulates the flow of nutrients in the cell.
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4
Q
  1. How do substances enter and exit the plasma membrane by using a concentration gradient? Does it require energy ?
A

This is called diffusion, and does not require the cell to expend any energy.

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5
Q
  1. What would happen if a substance ruptured the plasma membrane?
A

Any substance that can rupture the plasma membrane will kill the whole organism

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6
Q
  1. What types of substances would rupture the plasma membrane?
A

Alcohol, soaps, and other detergents easily rupture the plasma membrane.

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7
Q
  1. Is the plasma membrane impermeable, semipermeable, or omnipermeable?
A

The plasma membrane is semipermeable

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8
Q
  1. What type of solution is salty water?
A

Hypertonic solution

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9
Q
  1. Will the concentration of salt outside the cell be higher or lower than the concentration inside the cell
A

Hypertonic solution will have higher concentration of salt outside the cell

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10
Q
  1. What type of solution is pure water?
A

Hypotonic solution

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11
Q
  1. Will the concentration of salt outside the cell be higher or lower than the concentration inside the cell?
A

Hypotonic solution will have higher concentration of salt inside the cell

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12
Q
  1. Which way will water diffuse if a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution?
A

Water will diffuse into the cell and make it pop

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13
Q
  1. Which way will water diffuse if a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution?
A

Water will diffuse out of the cell and make it shrink

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14
Q
  1. What type of solution has the same amount of salt inside the cell and outside the cell?
A

Isotonic solution

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15
Q
  1. What is osmosis?
A

Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower water concentration

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16
Q
  1. What is osmotic pressure?
A

The pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane.

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17
Q
  1. What is the phospholipid bilayer in a plasma membrane?
A

Two layers of a compound consisting of phosphates and lipids (fats). The outer and inner sides of the membrane are water soluble, and the area between is not water soluble.

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18
Q
  1. What gives the plasma membrane semipermeability, which allows it to take in certain substances and keep out other substances?
A

the phospholipid bilayer

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19
Q
  1. What are lipoproteins and what is their purpose in the cell membrane?
A

Lipoproteins are made up of fat and proteins and are found in the plasma cell membrane. They are special proteins that can transport larger molecules like sugars into the cell.

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20
Q
  1. When lipoproteins transport molecules, what kind of transport is this called?
A

Active transport because it requires some energy in the form of ATP.

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21
Q
  1. Gram negative organisms have what type of cell membrane?
A

They have an inner and outer plasma membrane separated by a cell wall. The cell wall is thin, and made of peptidoglycan.

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22
Q
  1. Gram positive organisms have what type of cell membrane?
A

They have only one plasma membrane inside of its cell wall. The cell wall is thick, and made of peptidoglycan.

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23
Q
  1. In a gram-negative organism what does the outer plasma membrane contain? And what is it made of?
A

Lipopolysachharide (LPS) which is made of lipids (fats) and many sugars (polysachharides).

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24
Q
  1. What are O antigens?
A

The string portion of LPS in Gram negative bacteria.

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25
Q
  1. What are K antigens?
A

The capsule of bacteria that have capsules

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26
Q
  1. What are H Antigens?
A

The flagella of bacteria that have flagella

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27
Q
  1. What is the endotoxin in the LPS called?
A

Lipid A.

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28
Q
  1. What has a more complex cell wall bacteria or humans?
A

More complex in Prokaryotes (bacteria) than in Eukaryotes (humans).

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29
Q
  1. What keeps an organism from exploding from osmotic shock?
A

The rigidity of the cell wall keeps the organism from exploding from osmotic shock. Humans do not have cell walls.

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30
Q
  1. What can only be found in bacteria?
A

Peptidoglycan is only found in bacteria.

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31
Q
  1. What is the only bacterium that does not have a normal cell wall?
A

Mycoplasma (causes TB or leprosy, depending on the species) is the only bacteria without a normal cell wall (its cell wall is 60% waxy).

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32
Q
  1. Is Mycoplasma gram negative or positive?
A

It is neither Gram-positive nor Gram-negative. It is called “Acid-fast” because it takes an acidic stain to color it.

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33
Q
  1. What does a peptidoglycan consist of and what are they linked by?
A

Consists of a chain of two types of sugars (NAM and NAG) linked by proteins.

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34
Q
  1. How are the sugars arranged?
A

The sugars are arranged in this order: NAG-NAM-NAG.

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35
Q
  1. What is peptidoglycan also known as?
A

Peptidoglycan is also known as the murein layer.

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36
Q
  1. What is a bacterial cell wall made up of?
A

made up of polymer of:
N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

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37
Q
  1. What are the two polymers connected by?
A

NAM is connected to NAG via a beta 1,4 linkage

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38
Q
  1. What breaks down the beta 1, 4 linkage?
A

Lysozyme enzymes break the beta 1,4 linkage.

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39
Q
  1. How does penicillin kill bacteria?
A

Prevents cell wall synthesis

Prevents amino acid linkage (peptide bond formation)

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40
Q
  1. What results in Gram positive organisms when penicillin is taken?
A

Protoplast (cell wall dissolves away)

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41
Q
  1. What results in Gram negative organisms when penicillin is taken?
A

Partially lose cell wall, becomes a spheroplast (round cell)

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42
Q
  1. What happens to cells that become a protoplast or spheroplast?
A

Osmotic pressure occurs and the cell bursts and dies

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43
Q
  1. Which Gram type bacteria has less (thinner) peptidoglycan?
A

Gram negative

44
Q
  1. Which Gram type bacteria have an inner and outer plasma membrane?
A

Gram negative

45
Q
  1. Where is the outer plasma membrane located?
A

External to the cell wall

46
Q
  1. Where is the inner plasma membrane located?
A

Internal to the cell wall

47
Q
  1. Which organisms have more peptidoglycan, Gram positive or Gram negative?
A

Gram positive

48
Q
  1. For both Gram positive and Gram negative, where does the Gram stain enter the cells?
A

The dye enters the cytoplasm of both Gram positive and Gram negative cells.

49
Q
  1. Why is the iodine unable to leave the cell wall?
A

The iodine forms large crystals with the dye that are too large to escape through the cell wall.

50
Q
  1. How does the Crystal Violet-Iodine complex leak out?
A

Alcohol dissolves the outer membrane of the gram negative cells and leaves small holes in the thin peptidoglycan layer through which the iodine leaks.

51
Q
  1. Which cells absorb safranin, Gram negative or positive?
A

Gram negative and Gram positive both absorb safranin.

52
Q
  1. What applies only to gram positive cells in relation to safranin?
A

The pink color of safranin is masked by the darker purple dye previously absorbed by gram positive cells.

53
Q
  1. Describe the characteristics of a Glycocalyx
A
  • Outside of cell wall
  • Usually sticky
  • Extracellular polysaccharide allows cells to attach
54
Q
  1. What does a Glycocalyx consist of?
A

Capsule and Slime Layer

55
Q
  1. What is the capsule made of?
A

Non-slimy proteins (made of polypeptides) and sugars (polysaccharides)

56
Q
  1. Is a capsule neatly organized?
A

Yes

57
Q
  1. Does every bacterium have a capsule?
A

No

58
Q
  1. What is the purpose of a capsule?
A

To store nutrients and inhibit phagocytosis

59
Q
  1. What is a flagellum?
A

Whip-like tail used for motility.

60
Q
  1. Can you see the flagella in live cells?
A

Not without a special stain, which would kill the cell. However, you can see the live organism moving without the stain

61
Q
  1. What is a flagellum made of?
A

a protein called flagellin

62
Q
  1. What are the three parts of a flagellum?
A

Filament, hook, and turning discs

63
Q
  1. What is needed to turn the disk, which turns the flagella?
A

ATP

64
Q
  1. What is the process of an organism sensing chemicals in the environment and moving towards or away from them?
A

Chemotaxis

65
Q
  1. What protein antigen do bacteria flagella contain?
A

H-antigen (Flagellar Antigen)

66
Q
  1. In the strain of E. coli called O157.H7, what does the “O” mean, and what does the “H7” mean?
A

The letter “O” followed by a number indicates the type of cell wall Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the H-7 indicates the type of flagellar antigen.

67
Q
  1. What is the term for many flagella around the perimeter of cells?
A

Peritricous

68
Q
  1. What is the term for a group of flagella at one end of the cell?
A

Lophotrichous

69
Q
  1. What is the term for one flagellum coming out of each end of the cell?
A

Amphitrichous

70
Q
  1. What is the term for a cell with only one flagellum that comes out of one end of the cell?
A

Monotrichous

71
Q
  1. What are the three types of motility allowed by flagella?
A

Run – move in straight line
Tumble – roll around themselves
Run and Tumble – doing both movements alternately

72
Q
  1. What are axial filaments?
A

Special flagella (endoflagella) found only in spirochetes.

73
Q
  1. What do the axial filaments allow the spirochete to do?
A

Move in a rotational motion like a corkscrew.

74
Q
  1. What does this motion allow?
A

Allows the spirochete to penetrate tissue.

75
Q
  1. What is an example of a spirochete?
A

The bacterium that causes syphilis.

76
Q
  1. What is the function of a sex pilus?
A

It helps cells connect to each other during conjugation so they can transfer DNA from one cell to another (sexual reproduction).

77
Q
  1. What are fimbrae?
A

Hair like structures made of protein, found in bacteria. In Eukaryotes, they are called cilia

78
Q
  1. What is the function of fimbrae?
A

Allows bacteria to attach to host

79
Q
  1. What is an example of a bacterium with fimbrae?
A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae (causes gonorrhea)

80
Q
  1. What are the three types of bacterial antigens and where on a bacterium are they found?
A
  • O Antigen: LPS of gram-negative
  • H Antigen: Flagella
  • K Antigen: Capsule
81
Q
  1. What is a CYTOPLASM?
A

The watery substance inside of the plasma membrane

82
Q
  1. What consist of the cytoplasm’s watery substance?
A

It is made up of 80% water and contains proteins (enzymes), carbohydrates, and lipids.

83
Q
  1. What is a NUCEIOD?
A

A nuclear area (prokaryotes without nucleus)

Only has one chromosome and DNA is circular instead of linear.

84
Q
  1. What are HISTONES and which cells have it/ does not have it?
A

Histones are structures Eukaryotes use to organize their DNA by wrapping around it. Prokaryotes do not have histones.

85
Q
  1. What are PLASMIDS?
A

Small pieces of DNA fragments which are separate from the chromosome. They may carry genes for antibiotic resistance, production of toxins, etc.Can be transferred from one bacterium to another.

86
Q
  1. How do plasmids benefit humans?
A

Plasmid DNA is used for gene manipulation and biotechnology.

87
Q
  1. What are 3 characteristics of RIBOSOMES?
A

They are “protein factories”
10,000 ribosomes can fit in a cytoplasm
They give the cytoplasm a granular appearance

88
Q
  1. Name 4 antibiotics that work by inhibiting the protein synthesis of ribosomes
A

Streptomycin
Gentamicin
Erythromycin
Chloramphenicol

89
Q
  1. What two subunits are ribosomes made up of?
A

They are made of two subunits:

30S and 50S

90
Q
  1. The two subunits of ribosomes are called what when put together?
A

Together, they are called a 70S ribosome unit (the numbers are NOT added to get this figure).

91
Q
  1. Which antibiotics attack the 30S unit?
A

Streptomycin and Gentamycin

92
Q
  1. Which antibiotics attack the 50S unit?
A

Erythromycin and Chloramphenicol

93
Q
  1. Describe inclusions
A

Inclusions are reserve deposits of nutrients within the cytoplasm. These nutrients can be in the form of phosphate, glycogen, starch, and lipids.

94
Q
  1. What are Endospores?
A

Specialized resting cells formed by gram-positive bacteria when essential nutrients are depleted.

95
Q
  1. What is an example of a pathological organism that produces endospores?
A

Clostrtidium, which causes diseases such as gangrene, tetanus, botulism, and food poisoning.

96
Q
  1. What organisms make endospores?
A

Only bacteria make endospores.

97
Q
  1. What are characteristics of Endospores?
A

They are highly durable, dehydrated cells with thick walls.

98
Q
  1. What is the function of endospores?
A

They can survive extreme heat, lack of water, and exposure to toxic chemicals and radiation.

99
Q
  1. What effect does boiling water have on endospores?
A

Endospores can survive in boiling water for several hours or more.

100
Q
  1. How can we tell if an unknown organism is an endospore producer?
A

Endospores require a special endospore stain to be visualized.

101
Q
  1. What is the process by which endospores are formed?
A

Sporulation

102
Q
  1. Is sporulation the same as reproduction?
A

Only one cell comes from one endospore, therefore sporulation is not reproduction.

103
Q
  1. Describe the process of sporulation
A

The cytoplasm of the vegetative cell dries up, the cell wall ruptures, and the endospore is released into the environment

104
Q
  1. What is germination?
A

The endospore returns to its vegetative state.

105
Q
  1. What triggers germination?
A

This is triggered by a change in the environment.

106
Q
  1. How does germination occur?
A

Water enters into the endospore, and metabolism resumes.

107
Q
  1. What are the three types of Endospores
A

Terminal endospore

Sub-terminal endospore

Central endospore

Lecture Unit 1 (6 decks)

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