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Lecture Unit 1 > History of Microbiology > Flashcards

History of Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What is the term for enzymatic degeneration of carbohydrates in which the final electron acceptor is an organic molecule (contains carbon)?
A

Fermentation

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2
Q
  1. Give an example:
A

ATP is synthesized by phosporylation (adding phosphate) and oxygen it is not required

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3
Q
  1. What is the process that yeasts use to convert sugars to alcohol in the absence of air?
A

Fermentation

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4
Q
  1. What is the process of mild heating to kill particular spoilage microorganisms or pathogens?
A

Pasteurization

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5
Q
  1. What does Aerobic mean?
A

Requires Oxygen

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6
Q
  1. What does Anaerobic mean?
A

Requires an environment without oxygen

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7
Q
  1. What does facultative mean?
A

Can survive in environments with or without oxygen

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8
Q
  1. What philosopher scientist first coined the phrase “spontaneous generation?”
A

Aristotle

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9
Q
  1. Who believed that bees grew from honey and flies grew from meat?
A

Virgil

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10
Q
  1. Who first used a magnifying lens called “flea glasses?”
A

The Romans

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11
Q
  1. Who invented the first compound microscope?
A

Janssen

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12
Q
  1. Who improved both the microscope and the telescope?
A

Galileo

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13
Q
  1. Who improved the simple microscope to a magnification of 270x?
A

Van Leeuwenhoek

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14
Q

a. Who first described microbes?

A

Van Leeuwenhoek

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15
Q
  1. Bacterial Arrangements
  2. What are the types of:
  3. Pairs
  4. Clusters
  5. Chains
A

a. Pairs – diplococcic & diplobacilli
b. Clusters – staphylococci
c. Chains – streptococci & streptobacilli

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16
Q
  1. Robert Hooke looked at a cork under a microscope and coined what term?
A

Cells

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17
Q
  1. What is the name for the hypothesis that organisms arose from nonliving life?
A

Spontaneous generation

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18
Q
  1. Who thought that mice grew from hay and coined the term “Spontaneous Generation”?
A

Aristotle

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19
Q
  1. According to spontaneous generation, what forms life?
A

Vital force

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20
Q
  1. What is the name for the hypothesis that organisms arise from preexisting life?
A

Biogenesis

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21
Q
  1. Who was a believer in biogenesis and set out to prove that maggots in meat were caused by flies laying eggs in the meat?
A

Redi

22
Q
  1. How did Francisco Redi prove biogenesis?
A

He filled covered jars with meat, proving that maggots do not spontaneously grow from the meat.

23
Q
  1. How did John Needham prove spontaneous generation?
A

Put boiled nutrient broth into covered flasks and got microbial growth, so he thought that proved that organisms can spontaneously be created.

24
Q
  1. What was flawed with Needham’s experiment?
A

His flask was covered with a non-sterile cork

25
Q
  1. Who believed that microorganisms are present in the air, and set out to prove it?
A

Louis Pasteur

26
Q
  1. Who designed a special S-Shaped flask that demonstrated that Spontaneous Generation Theory was false?
A

Louis Pasteur

27
Q
  1. Who discovered the first smallpox vaccine?
A

Edward Jenner

28
Q
  1. Who discovered the sheep vaccine for Anthrax?
A

Louis Pasteur

29
Q
  1. What three vaccines did Louis Pasteur invent?
A

Sheep anthrax
Chicken cholera
Rabies

30
Q
  1. Who is responsible for the Cell Theory?
A

Rudolf Virchow

31
Q
  1. What does the cell theory state?
A

All living things are composed of cells
• Cells are the smallest working units of living things
• All cells come from preexisting cells by cell division (biogenesis theory)

32
Q
  1. Who discovered that the silkworm disease is caused by a fungus?
A

Agostino Bassi

33
Q
  1. Describe the process for Koch’s Postulates.
A
  • Obtain the disease causing microbe from the sick animal via a sample.
  • Isolate this microbe in pure culture.
  • Inoculate a healthy animal with this pure culture, and the healthy animal should develop the same disease.
  • Re-isolate the microbe from the second animal.
34
Q
  1. If it is the same microbe obtained from the first animal what does this prove?
A

The etiology (cause) of the disease.

35
Q
  1. What did Joseph Lister invent?
A

Carbolic spray to disinfect surfaces in the operating room. His descendants later invented Listerine.

36
Q
  1. What breakthrough did Semmelwise discover?
A

He discovered that puerperal fever could be drastically cut by use of hand washing standards in obstetrical clinics.

37
Q
  1. What did Paul Ehrlich make?
A

He made the first antibiotic. It was for syphilis.

38
Q
  1. What did Von Behring invent?
A

Invented diphtheria antitoxin

39
Q
  1. What did Ronald Ross discover?
A

He discovered that mosquitoes transmit malaria

40
Q
  1. Who discovered white blood cells and phagocytosis and began the field of immunology?
A

Metchnikoff

41
Q
  1. Who discovered the first antibiotic and when?
A

Alexander Fleming in 1928

42
Q
  1. The Penicillium fungus made an antibiotic, penicillin, that killed what?
A

S. aureus

43
Q
  1. When was Penicillin clinically tested and mass produced?
A

In the 1940s

44
Q
  1. Who purified penicillin as a medicine?
A

Chain and Florey

45
Q
  1. Who invented testing for streptococcus?
A

Rebecca Lancefield

46
Q
  1. Who discovered DNA?
A

Frederick Griffith

47
Q
  1. Who detailed the structure of human DNA?
A

Watson and Crick

48
Q
  1. What 3 items form DNA?
A

Deoxyribose; A,T,C,G nucleic acids; phosphate

49
Q
  1. Who discovered the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?
A

Jacob and Monod

50
Q
  1. Who discovered the genetic structure of viruses?
A

Delbruck and Hershey

51
Q
  1. Who performed a landmark series of experiments regarding antibody genetics?
A

Tonegawa

52
Q
  1. Who discovered prions?
A

Prusiner

Lecture Unit 1 (6 decks)

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