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Lecture Unit 1 > Eukaryotes > Flashcards

Eukaryotes Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What are the 5 phyla of Eukaryotic organisms?
A

Algae, protozoa, fungi, plants, animals

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2
Q
  1. What structure is used for cellular locomotion?
A

Flagella (cilia are also used for locomotion in some protozoa)

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3
Q
  1. What structure is used for moving substances along the surface of a cell?
A

Cilia

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4
Q
  1. What is the difference between flagella and cilia?
A

Flagella are few and long.

Cilia are many and short

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5
Q
  1. What type of algae use flagella?
A

Euglena

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6
Q
  1. What phyla of organisms often have cilia?
A

Protozoa (like paramecium)

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7
Q
  1. What is an example of cilia in the human?
A

The respiratory tract is lined with cells that have cilia to move mucous and debris in the bronchial tubes to clear the lungs

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8
Q
  1. What is the difference between prokaryote and eukaryote flagella?
A

Prokaryotic flagella rotate, but the eukaryotic flagellum moves in a wavelike manner.

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9
Q
  1. How are the flagella and cilia anchored to the plasma membrane?
  2. What do they consist of and how are they arranged?
A

Both flagella and cilia are anchored to the plasma membrane by a basal body, which consists of 9 pairs of microtubules arranged in a ring, plus another 2 microtubules in the center of the ring, an arrangement called a 9 + 2 array.

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10
Q
  1. What are microtubules made of?
A

Microtubules are made up of a protein called tubulin.

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11
Q
  1. Do most non-animal eukaryotic cells have cell walls?
A

Yes, although they are much more simple than prokaryotic cells

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12
Q
  1. What 3 phyla have cellulose in their cell walls?
A

Algae, fungi, plants

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13
Q
  1. When would a eukaryotic cell have a glycocalyx?
A

When it has no cell wall and has direct contact with the environment

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14
Q
  1. What is a glycocalyx?
A

A sticky carbohydrate that strengthens the cell surface, helps attach cells together, and contributes to cell-cell recognition

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15
Q
  1. Do eukaryotic cells contain peptidoglycan?
A

No

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16
Q
  1. Do antibiotics such as penicillin and cephalosporin affect eukaryotic cells?
A

No, they only act against peptidoglycan, and are therefore safe for human cells.

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17
Q
  1. Is the plasma membrane of a eukaryotic cell different than that of a prokaryotic cell?
A

The plasma membrane of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is very similar in function and structure.

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18
Q
  1. Are all eukaryotic cell plasma membranes the same?
A

No; each cell membrane has different proteins and carbohydrates, which serve in cell to cell recognition.

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19
Q
  1. Where do bacteria attach on a cell?
A

On the proteins and carbohydrates on the cell membrane.

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20
Q
  1. What are sterols, and where are they found?
A

Complex lipids that are only found in eukaryotic cells (with the exception of Mycoplasma, which is a prokaryote that causes leprosy and tuberculosis).

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21
Q
  1. What is the function of sterols?
A

Sterols help the membranes resist lysis from increased osmotic pressure.

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22
Q
  1. What methods allow for substances to cross the cell membrane?
A

a. diffusion
b. active transport
c. endocytosis

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23
Q
  1. What is endocytosis?
A

This occurs when a segment of the plasma membrane surrounds a particle, encloses it, and brings it into the cell.

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24
Q
  1. What is it when the cell membrane projects a pseudopod (false foot), engulfs a particle to bring it in the cell?
A

Phagocytosis

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25
Q
  1. Where is cytoplasm located in a cell?
A
  • Inside the plasma membrane

- Outside the nucleus

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26
Q
  1. What is the fluid portion of the cytoplasm called?
A

Cytosol

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27
Q
  1. Only eukaryotic cytoplasm has a cytoskeleton, give 2 examples.
A
  • Microfilaments

- Microtubules

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28
Q
  1. What is a cytoskeleton?
A

It provides support and shape for the cell and assists in transporting substances through the cell.

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29
Q
  1. Can cytoskeleton move the entire cell?
A

Yes, as in phagocytosis

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30
Q
  1. What is cytoplasmic streaming?
A

The movement of cytoplasm from one part of the cell to another to distribute nutrients

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31
Q
  1. Many of the important enzymes found in the cytoplasmic fluid of prokaryotes are contained where?
A

Within organelles of Eukaryotes

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32
Q
  1. How are organelles bound?
A

Some are bound by a membrane while others are non-membrane bound

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33
Q
  1. Name the membrane-bound organelles.
A 
Nucleus
ER
Golgi Complex
Lysosomes, Peroxisomes
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
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34
Q
  1. What are the two structures in a cell that are non-membrane-bound, and are therefore not considered to be organelles?
A

Ribosomes

Centrioles

35
Q
  1. Name the 4 characteristics of the nucleus.
A

Contains almost all of the cell’s hereditary information (DNA)
Surrounded by a double membrane called nuclear envelope
Within nucleus has one or more nucleoli
Contains some protein called histones

36
Q
  1. What is the function of histones?
A

They are like spools that DNA wraps around to organize it

37
Q
  1. What is chromatin?
A

a thread-like mass of dormant DNA.

38
Q
  1. During replication what shortens and thickens in to chromosomes?
A

Chromatin

39
Q
  1. Do Prokaryotes undergo this process?
A

No

40
Q
  1. Do Prokaryotes have Histones?
A

No

41
Q
  1. Is the DNA of a prokaryote enclosed in a nuclear envelope?
A

No

42
Q
  1. How do Eukaryotic cells replicate?

46. Does this happen in prokaryotes?

A

Mitosis and meiosis

No

43
Q
  1. What is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
A

An extensive network of channels which are continuous with the nuclear envelope.

44
Q
  1. What are the two types of ER?
A

Smooth and Rough

45
Q
  1. What is the rough ER
A

The area that has ribosomes

46
Q
  1. What is the function of ribosomes?
A

They are the sites of protein synthesis (protein factories)

47
Q
  1. What is the difference between rough and smooth ER?
A

Smooth ER does not have ribosomes

48
Q
  1. What does smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum contain?
A

Unique enzymes to make Phospholipids, fats, and steroids such as estrogen and testosterone

49
Q
  1. What function does the smooth ER in Liver cells perform?
A

The enzymes of smooth ER in the liver detoxify drugs

50
Q
  1. Within the Golgi complex, what is the protein modified into?
A

glycoproteins, glycolipids, and lipoproteins

51
Q
  1. What are glycolipids?
A

A lipid containing carbohydrate groups

52
Q
  1. What are glycoproteins?
A

Molecule that consists of a carbohydrate plus a protein

53
Q
  1. What are lipoproteins?
A

Lipoproteins are molecules made of proteins and fat.

54
Q
  1. What part of the Golgi complex is the secretory vesicle detached from?
A

Golgi membrane

55
Q
  1. From the Golgi membrane, where is the protein delivered to?
A

Plasma membrane where they are discharged from the cell

56
Q
  1. What two transportation methods do proteins use to leave the Golgi complex?
A

Secretory and storage vesicles

57
Q
  1. What are the vesicles of the Golgi complex called?
A

Storage vesicles

58
Q
  1. What is an important vesicle that contains digestive enzymes?
A

A Lysosome

59
Q
  1. Describe the physical feature of a lysosome.
A

Membrane-enclosed spheres

60
Q
  1. What is the vesicle called that stores processed proteins or nutrients?
A

Storage Vesicle

61
Q
  1. What is the function of Lysosomes?
A

They are vesicles which contain as many as 40 different kinds of powerful digestive enzymes which digest bacteria that enter the cell.

62
Q
  1. What are the functions of vacuoles?
A

⋅ Storage for nutrients such as proteins, lipids, sugars, water
⋅ Store wastes and poisons to prevent toxicity to the cytoplasm
⋅ Used to transport substances within a cell and transport substances to the outside of the cell

63
Q
  1. What are Mitochondria?
A

Rod-shaped organelles which appear throughout the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells. They make most of the cell’s ATP. There can be as many as 2000 mitochondria in one cell

64
Q
  1. Name the characteristics of Mitochondria?
A

Mitochondria have a double membrane; the outer membrane is smooth but the inner membrane is arranged in a series of folds called cristae.
The center is a semi-fluid substance called the matrix.

65
Q
  1. What is the purpose of the cristae in mitochondria?
A

Convolutions of the cristae provide an enormous surface area on which chemical reactions can occur.

66
Q
  1. Why are mitochondria so important to cells?
A

Mitochondria are called the powerhouses of the cell because of their central role in ATP production.

67
Q
  1. How are mitochondria semi-dependent of the cell?
A

Mitochondria contain their own ribosomes and DNA. They are able to replicate themselves and make their own proteins.

68
Q
  1. What is a theory of the origin of Mitochondria?
A

It is theorized that they evolved from bacteria millions of years ago, which have a symbiotic relationship within the organism.

69
Q
  1. Where are chloroplasts found?
A

Only found in algae and green plants.

70
Q
  1. What do chloroplasts contain?
A

They contain chlorophyll plus enzymes required for photosynthesis. They also have their own DNA like Mitochondria.

71
Q
  1. Are they capable of multiplying on their own within each cell?
A

Yes

72
Q
  1. How do chloroplasts and mitochondria replicate?
A

By binary fission similar to bacteria.

73
Q
  1. What organelle contains enzymes that can oxidize various substances including alcohol?
A

PEROXISOMES

74
Q
  1. What is the end product of the oxidation reaction?
A

HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H2O2)

75
Q
  1. What is catalase?
A

An enzyme made by peroxisomes that decomposes H2O2 (converts it into H2O + water) so it is safe within the cell

76
Q
  1. What is the function of peroxisomes?
A

To digest bacteria that have invaded the cell.

77
Q
  1. Ribosomes are attached to which surface of the rough ER?
A

the outer surface or floating free in the cytoplasm

78
Q
  1. What is the function of the Ribosomes in the cell?
A

They are the sites of protein synthesis in the cell

79
Q
  1. Are the Ribosomes in eukaryotic cells larger or smaller than the Ribosomes in the prokaryotic cells?
A

They are larger (80S instead of 70S) and denser than ribosomes of prokaryotic cells

80
Q
  1. What are the purposes of the proteins made by ribosomes?
A

They are either used inside the cell, or inserted into the plasma membrane or exported out of the cell

81
Q
  1. Where are Centromes located?
A

near the nucleus

82
Q
  1. What is the purpose of the Centrome?
A

During mitosis they move the duplicated chromosomes towards opposite ends of the cell

83
Q

PROKARYOTIC

A

One circular chromosome, not membrane-bound
No histones
No organelles
Peptidoglycan cell walls
Reproduce by binary fission
No true nucleus; no nuclear membrane
Glycocalyx present as capsule or slime layer
Plasma membrane has no carbohydrates and lack sterols
No cytoskeleton
Ribosomes are small (70S)

84
Q

EUKARYOTIC

A

Paired chromosomes, membrane-bound
Histones present
Organelles present: Golgi complex, ER, mitochondria, chloroplasts
Polysaccharide cell walls
Reproduce by mitosis
True nucleus; nuclear membrane; also has nucleoli
Present in some cells that lack a cell wall
Plasma membrane has carbohydrates and sterols
Has a cytoskeleton
Ribosomes are large (80S)

Lecture Unit 1 (6 decks)

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