prokaryotes

Question 1

What are Biofilms?

Answer 1

Prokaryotes that may stick together to form filaments or complex communities.

Question 2

What is the nucleoid region?

Answer 2

Region on prokaryotic cells where DNA is located (in cytoplasm)

Question 3

What is binary fission?

Answer 3

A type of simple cell division used by prokaryotic cells to reproduce & split in two.

Question 4

What is horizontal gene transfer/HGT?

Answer 4

Transfer of genes from one independent, mature organism to another.

Question 5

What are membrane folds used for?

Answer 5

Used in respiration and photosynthesis. They increase surface area.

Question 6

What are plasmids?

Answer 6

Small circular DNAs

Question 7

What are inclusion bodies?

Answer 7

Compact masses that store materials. Store carbon, glycogen, phosphate, sulfur, and magnetite.

Question 8

What are the 3 parts of HGT?

Answer 8

1. Conjugation
2. Transduction
3. Transformation

Question 9

What is a conjugation bridge?

Answer 9

Hollow pilus

Question 10

In bacteria what are the chains that are formed called?

Answer 10

Strepto

Question 11

In bacteria what are the clusters that are formed called?

Answer 11

Stapho

Question 12

What does extremophile mean?

Answer 12

Something that prefers to live in extreme habitats (Archaea)

Question 13

What are the 3 shapes prokaryote cells come in?

Answer 13

1. Bacillus-rod shaped
2. Coccus-spherical
3. Spirillum-spiral shaped

Question 14

What is rolling circle replication?

Answer 14

Starts at a single origin and moves only in one direction

Question 15

What are viruses that infect prokaryotes called?

Answer 15

Phages

Question 16

What is transduction?

Answer 16

HGT done by viruses that infect prokaryotes

Question 17

What is transformation?

Answer 17

When bacteria pick up DNA from their environment

Question 18

What are the 2 types of metabolism in eukaryotes?

Answer 18

Autotrophy and Heterotrophy

Question 19

Energy can be obtained by?

Answer 19

Hetero- in reduced forms from other organisms
Auto- in oxidized form from CO2 in the air

Question 20

Electrons can be obtained by?

Answer 20

Litho- from reduced organic substances
Organo- From reduced carbon sources

Question 21

Who is classified as chemo organoheterotrophs?

Answer 21

Humans

Question 22

Who is classified as photolithoautotrophs?

Answer 22

Plants

Question 23

Prokaryotes can be:

Answer 23

1.Chemoorganoheterotrophs
2. Chemolithoheterotrophs
3. Chemolithoautotrophs
4. Photolithoautotrophs
5. Photoorganoheterotrophs

Question 24

What is aerobic respiration?

Answer 24

Respiration with oxygen

Question 25

What are facultative anaerobes?

Answer 25

Can tolerate oxygen

Question 25

What are obligate aerobes?

Answer 25

require oxygen

Question 26

What are obligate anaerobes?

Answer 26

Cannot live in the presence of oxygen

Question 27

When do prokaryotes use fermentation?

Answer 27

When a cell's terminal electron acceptor is not available for respiration

Question 28

What is nutrient cycling?

Answer 28

The cycle of chemical elements between organisms and the physical environments in which they live

Question 29

What are 2 examples of nutrient cycling?

Answer 29

Decomposition and fixation

Question 30

What are decomposers?

Answer 30

Organisms that carry out the decomposition portion of the cycle and release the dead organism's matter back into the environment.

Question 31

What is fixation?

Answer 31

The process that turns elements from inorganic forms to organic forms that heterotrophic organisms can use.

Question 32

What do photo synthesizers do?

Answer 32

Fix carbon into sugars

Question 33

What is a microbiome?

Answer 33

The community of microorganisms in a particular environment, including a part of the body

Question 34

What is bioremediation?

Answer 34

Use of organisms to remove pollutants from water, air, and soil

Question 35

What is bio stimulation?

Answer 35

Addition of nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, etc.) to encourage growth of microbes?

Question 36

What are the 5 characteristics of prokaryotes?

Answer 36

1. NO nucleus 2. lack various internal structures, bound with phospholipid membrane 3. are smaller than eukaryotes 4. have simple structure 5. include: bacteria and archaea

Question 37

How do bacterial diseases spread?

Answer 37

Usually enter through mucosal surfaces and spreads through fluids, coughing, or contact with mucous membranes

Question 38

What are 3 examples of bacterial diseases?

Answer 38

1. Tuberculosis 2. Bacterial Meningitis 3. Ulcers and Cancer (Helicobacter pylori can cause ulcers and cancer)