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Bio 1102 > prokaryotes > Flashcards

prokaryotes Flashcards

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1
Q

What are Biofilms?

A

Prokaryotes that may stick together to form filaments or complex communities.

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2
Q

What is the nucleoid region?

A

Region on prokaryotic cells where DNA is located (in cytoplasm)

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3
Q

What is binary fission?

A

A type of simple cell division used by prokaryotic cells to reproduce & split in two.

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4
Q

What is horizontal gene transfer/HGT?

A

Transfer of genes from one independent, mature organism to another.

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5
Q

What are membrane folds used for?

A

Used in respiration and photosynthesis. They increase surface area.

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6
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Small circular DNAs

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7
Q

What are inclusion bodies?

A

Compact masses that store materials. Store carbon, glycogen, phosphate, sulfur, and magnetite.

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8
Q

What are the 3 parts of HGT?

A
  1. Conjugation
  2. Transduction
  3. Transformation
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9
Q

What is a conjugation bridge?

A

Hollow pilus

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10
Q

In bacteria what are the chains that are formed called?

A

Strepto

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11
Q

In bacteria what are the clusters that are formed called?

A

Stapho

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12
Q

What does extremophile mean?

A

Something that prefers to live in extreme habitats (Archaea)

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13
Q

What are the 3 shapes prokaryote cells come in?

A
  1. Bacillus-rod shaped
  2. Coccus-spherical
  3. Spirillum-spiral shaped
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14
Q

What is rolling circle replication?

A

Starts at a single origin and moves only in one direction

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15
Q

What are viruses that infect prokaryotes called?

A

Phages

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16
Q

What is transduction?

A

HGT done by viruses that infect prokaryotes

17
Q

What is transformation?

A

When bacteria pick up DNA from their environment

18
Q

What are the 2 types of metabolism in eukaryotes?

A

Autotrophy and Heterotrophy

19
Q

Energy can be obtained by?

A

Hetero- in reduced forms from other organisms
Auto- in oxidized form from CO2 in the air

20
Q

Electrons can be obtained by?

A

Litho- from reduced organic substances
Organo- From reduced carbon sources

21
Q

Who is classified as chemo organoheterotrophs?

A

Humans

22
Q

Who is classified as photolithoautotrophs?

A

Plants

23
Q

Prokaryotes can be:

A

1.Chemoorganoheterotrophs
2. Chemolithoheterotrophs
3. Chemolithoautotrophs
4. Photolithoautotrophs
5. Photoorganoheterotrophs

24
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

Respiration with oxygen

25
Q

What are facultative anaerobes?

A

Can tolerate oxygen

25
Q

What are obligate aerobes?

A

require oxygen

26
Q

What are obligate anaerobes?

A

Cannot live in the presence of oxygen

27
Q

When do prokaryotes use fermentation?

A

When a cell’s terminal electron acceptor is not available for respiration

28
Q

What is nutrient cycling?

A

The cycle of chemical elements between organisms and the physical environments in which they live

29
Q

What are 2 examples of nutrient cycling?

A

Decomposition and fixation

30
Q

What are decomposers?

A

Organisms that carry out the decomposition portion of the cycle and release the dead organism’s matter back into the environment.

31
Q

What is fixation?

A

The process that turns elements from inorganic forms to organic forms that heterotrophic organisms can use.

32
Q

What do photo synthesizers do?

A

Fix carbon into sugars

33
Q

What is a microbiome?

A

The community of microorganisms in a particular environment, including a part of the body

34
Q

What is bioremediation?

A

Use of organisms to remove pollutants from water, air, and soil

35
Q

What is bio stimulation?

A

Addition of nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, etc.) to encourage growth of microbes?

36
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of prokaryotes?

A
  1. NO nucleus
  2. lack various internal structures, bound with phospholipid membrane
  3. are smaller than eukaryotes
  4. have simple structure
  5. include: bacteria and archaea
37
Q

How do bacterial diseases spread?

A

Usually enter through mucosal surfaces and spreads through fluids, coughing, or contact with mucous membranes

38
Q

What are 3 examples of bacterial diseases?

A
  1. Tuberculosis
  2. Bacterial Meningitis
  3. Ulcers and Cancer (Helicobacter pylori can cause ulcers and cancer)

Bio 1102 (20 decks)

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