Prokaryote diversity

Question 1

what are the three domains of life

Answer 1

Archaea, bacteria and eukarya

Question 2

what is the suffix for circular prokaryotes

Answer 2

cocci

Question 3

what is the suffix for rod prokaryotes

Answer 3

bacilli

Question 4

What does archaea cell walls comprise of

Answer 4

polysaccharides and protein but no peptidoglycan

Question 5

What is a gram positive bacteria structure

Answer 5

thick peptidoglycan layer ontop of the membrane

Question 6

what colour does gram positive bacteria go

Answer 6

Purple

Question 7

what is a gram negative bacteria structure

Answer 7

a small peptidoglycan layer in-between two plasma membranes

Question 8

where is crystal violet trapped

Answer 8

within peptidoglycan

Question 9

What do antibodies attack in bacteria and which type of gram is more resistant

Answer 9

The peptidoglycan cell wall production, doesn’t effect gram negative structures as still have outer membrane

Question 10

Why does the body have a hard time recognizing some prokaryotes

Answer 10

They have a polysaccharide capsule like some of the bodies own cells

Question 11

What is an endospores

Answer 11

A spore of a prokaryote in unfavored conditions that is released when parent cell lyses

Question 12

what is the function of fimbriae

Answer 12

sticks to substrate and to other individuals

Question 13

what is the function of phili

Answer 13

Longer than fimbriae and are used to exchange DNA

Question 14

What is the DNA exchanged by phili called

Answer 14

plasmids, small packages of DNA

Question 15

what are taxes

Answer 15

movement to/ from a stimulus

Question 16

what helps a prokaryote move

Answer 16

flagella

Question 17

how do prokaryote move when in their attractant

Answer 17

short run, tumble to face random direction, then short run

Question 18

Do prokaryotes have less, more or equal DNA to eukaryotes

Answer 18

Less

Question 19

what is binary fission

Answer 19

cell lengthening then splitting, asexual reproduction

Question 20

if mutation rates are low in binary fission, how do prokaryotes evolve quickly

Answer 20

prokaryotes have a short generation time so can accumulate mutations faster

Question 21

what is gene duplication in a prokaryote

Answer 21

MUTATION- one copy of DNA evolves to carry out a different function than previous

Question 22

what is horizontal gene transfer in a prokaryote

Answer 22

MUTATION- pieces of DNA are transferred between different cells, taking up a dead cells DNA

Question 23

what is gene loss in a prokaryote

Answer 23

MUTATION- Reducing a cells genome means less energy is used to reproduce

Question 24

what is transformation in a prokaryote cell

Answer 24

RECOMBINATION- transfer of DNA from environment/ dead cells

Question 25

what is transduction in a prokaryote cell

Answer 25

RECOMBINATION- DNA through viruses, bacteriophages

Question 26

what is conjugation in a prokaryote cell

Answer 26

RECOMBINATION- transfer of plastids by phili

Question 27

what is an obligate anaerobe

Answer 27

are poisoned by oxygen as it inhibits a enzyme in fermentation/ asexual reproduction

Question 28

what are obligate aerobes

Answer 28

require oxygen for cellular respiration

Question 29

what are facultative anaerobes

Answer 29

can survive with and without oxygen

Question 30

what are micro aerobes

Answer 30

grow in hot places with low oxygen

Question 31

what are aerotolerant bacteria

Answer 31

the are anaerobic but oxygen doesn’t kill them

Question 32

Are prokaryotes the only organisms that can fix nitrogen

Answer 32

Yes

Question 33

What is a common molecule prokaryotes fix nitrogen into

Answer 33

NH4, ammonia

Question 34

Why cant nitrogen fixing and photosynthesis occur in same cell

Answer 34

A nitrogen fixing enzyme is inhibited by oxygen, the bi product in photosynthesis

Question 35

what are nitrogen fixing cells called

Answer 35

a heterocyst