Molecules of life

Question 1

how many states does water exist as

Answer 1

all 3

Question 2

what are the 4 important macromolecules

Answer 2

carbohydrates
lipids
protein
nucleic acid

Question 3

Which is the only of the 4 macromolecules that don’t form a polymer

Answer 3

Lipids

Question 4

are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic

Answer 4

hydrophobic

Question 5

what are lipids made of

Answer 5

hydrocarbons

Question 6

what forms a fat

Answer 6

glycerol- 3 carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group

fatty acid- carboxyl group on a long carbon chain

Question 7

what is released when glycerol and fatty acids react to form fat

Answer 7

water

Question 8

what is a fat called when it has 3 fatty acids on the glycerol

Answer 8

triglyceride

Question 9

what type of fat isnt manufactured much in humans

Answer 9

unsaturated fats

Question 10

how is phospholipids different from lipids

Answer 10

they only have 2 fatty acids, a phosphate group is attached to the other carbon on glycerol

Question 11

what is the simplest form of sugar

Answer 11

monosaccharide

Question 12

what is a macromolecule of sugar

Answer 12

polysaccharide

Question 13

what is the carbon, hydrogen and oxygen composition of monosaccharides

Answer 13

CH2O

Question 14

what is the name given to two monosaccharides bonding in a dehydration reaction

Answer 14

disaccharides

Question 15

what is the bond called that bonds a disaccharide and sugar polymers

Answer 15

glycosidic

Question 16

what two roles do polysaccharides have

Answer 16

structural or storage

Question 17

what’s an example of a structural polysaccharides

Answer 17

cellulose

Question 18

what are two examples of storage polysaccharides

Answer 18

glycogen
starch

Question 19

what is the simple form of starch

Answer 19

amylose

Question 20

which two polysaccharides are polymers of glucose

Answer 20

starch and cellulose

Question 21

how can starch and cellulose be different when both polymers of glucose

Answer 21

there glycosidic bonds are in different places due to alpha and beta ring formation of glucose

Question 22

which polymer of glucose bonds in the beta form

Answer 22

cellulose

Question 23

which beta or alpha form can human enzymes not hydrolyze

Answer 23

beta

Question 24

how do herbivores who only eat plants (cellulose) survive

Answer 24

have symbiotic relationships with microbes that have digestive enzymes for cellulose, beta ring structure

Question 25

what do all amino acids contain

Answer 25

amino group and a carboxyl group

Question 26

what differs in amino acid

Answer 26

the r group, side chain

Question 27

what are the 4 types of r group

Answer 27

acid base polar nonpolar

Question 28

what structure r group is non polar

Answer 28

hydrocarbons

Question 29

what must a side chain do to cause polararity

Answer 29

separation of charge of side chain and rest of amino acid

Question 30

what does it mean if a side chain is acid or basic

Answer 30

they are electrically charged

Question 31

what will a hydrophilic side chain do

Answer 31

donate proton so becomes negatively charged so is acidic

Question 32

what will a hydrophobic side chain do

Answer 32

accept an proton so becomes positively charged and therefore is basic

Question 33

what is a polypeptide

Answer 33

a chain of amino acids liked by covalent peptide bonds

Question 34

what is at the start and end of a polypeptide chain

Answer 34

a carboxyl eld (C- terminus) a amino end (n- terminus)

Question 35

what are the four levels of amino acid peptide chains- and what they are

Answer 35

- Primary- sequence of amino acids - secondary- initial folds (beta sheets) and coils (alpha helix) - tertiary- determined by side chain interaction - Quaternary- protein consists of many polypeptide chains

Question 36

what is a strong covalent bond called

Answer 36

disulfide bridge

Question 37

what are the two families of nitrogenous base pairs

Answer 37

pyrimidines, purines

Question 38

what are examples of pyrimidines

Answer 38

cytosine, thymine, uracil

Question 39

what are examples of purines

Answer 39

guanine and adenine

Question 40

how many carbons on the ring of pyrimidines

Answer 40

6

Question 41

is purines just one carbon ring

Answer 41

no, its two

Question 42

what does antiparallel refer to

Answer 42

this refers to the two nuceotidic backbones of a helix running in oposite 5' to 3' directions

Question 43

what does complimentary pairing enable

Answer 43

to make 2 identical sets of DNA

Question 44

can RNA only be double helix structure

Answer 44

no, this is why it is very versatile