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BIO101 > Molecules of life > Flashcards

Molecules of life Flashcards

1
Q

how many states does water exist as

A

all 3

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2
Q

what are the 4 important macromolecules

A

carbohydrates
lipids
protein
nucleic acid

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3
Q

Which is the only of the 4 macromolecules that don’t form a polymer

A

Lipids

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4
Q

are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic

A

hydrophobic

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5
Q

what are lipids made of

A

hydrocarbons

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6
Q

what forms a fat

A

glycerol- 3 carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group

fatty acid- carboxyl group on a long carbon chain

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7
Q

what is released when glycerol and fatty acids react to form fat

A

water

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8
Q

what is a fat called when it has 3 fatty acids on the glycerol

A

triglyceride

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9
Q

what type of fat isnt manufactured much in humans

A

unsaturated fats

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10
Q

how is phospholipids different from lipids

A

they only have 2 fatty acids, a phosphate group is attached to the other carbon on glycerol

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11
Q

what is the simplest form of sugar

A

monosaccharide

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12
Q

what is a macromolecule of sugar

A

polysaccharide

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13
Q

what is the carbon, hydrogen and oxygen composition of monosaccharides

A

CH2O

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14
Q

what is the name given to two monosaccharides bonding in a dehydration reaction

A

disaccharides

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15
Q

what is the bond called that bonds a disaccharide and sugar polymers

A

glycosidic

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16
Q

what two roles do polysaccharides have

A

structural or storage

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17
Q

what’s an example of a structural polysaccharides

A

cellulose

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18
Q

what are two examples of storage polysaccharides

A

glycogen
starch

19
Q

what is the simple form of starch

A

amylose

20
Q

which two polysaccharides are polymers of glucose

A

starch and cellulose

21
Q

how can starch and cellulose be different when both polymers of glucose

A

there glycosidic bonds are in different places due to alpha and beta ring formation of glucose

22
Q

which polymer of glucose bonds in the beta form

A

cellulose

23
Q

which beta or alpha form can human enzymes not hydrolyze

A

beta

24
Q

how do herbivores who only eat plants (cellulose) survive

A

have symbiotic relationships with microbes that have digestive enzymes for cellulose, beta ring structure

25
Q

what do all amino acids contain

A

amino group and a carboxyl group

26
Q

what differs in amino acid

A

the r group, side chain

27
Q

what are the 4 types of r group

A

acid
base
polar
nonpolar

28
Q

what structure r group is non polar

A

hydrocarbons

29
Q

what must a side chain do to cause polararity

A

separation of charge of side chain and rest of amino acid

30
Q

what does it mean if a side chain is acid or basic

A

they are electrically charged

31
Q

what will a hydrophilic side chain do

A

donate proton so becomes negatively charged so is acidic

32
Q

what will a hydrophobic side chain do

A

accept an proton so becomes positively charged and therefore is basic

33
Q

what is a polypeptide

A

a chain of amino acids liked by covalent peptide bonds

34
Q

what is at the start and end of a polypeptide chain

A

a carboxyl eld (C- terminus)
a amino end (n- terminus)

35
Q

what are the four levels of amino acid peptide chains- and what they are

A
  • Primary- sequence of amino acids
  • secondary- initial folds (beta sheets) and coils (alpha helix)
  • tertiary- determined by side chain interaction
  • Quaternary- protein consists of many polypeptide chains
36
Q

what is a strong covalent bond called

A

disulfide bridge

37
Q

what are the two families of nitrogenous base pairs

A

pyrimidines, purines

38
Q

what are examples of pyrimidines

A

cytosine, thymine, uracil

39
Q

what are examples of purines

A

guanine and adenine

40
Q

how many carbons on the ring of pyrimidines

A

6

41
Q

is purines just one carbon ring

A

no, its two

42
Q

what does antiparallel refer to

A

this refers to the two nuceotidic backbones of a helix running in oposite 5’ to 3’ directions

43
Q

what does complimentary pairing enable

A

to make 2 identical sets of DNA

44
Q

can RNA only be double helix structure

A

no, this is why it is very versatile

BIO101 (10 decks)

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