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History - USA: Boom, Bust and Recovery > Prohibition (T1) > Flashcards

Prohibition (T1) Flashcards

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1
Q

When was the Eighteenth Amendment introduced?

A

1918

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2
Q

What was the Eighteenth Amendment?

A

Banned the sale, transportation and manufacture of intoxicating liquor in the USA.

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3
Q

What did the separate Volstead Act define intoxicating liquor as?

A

Any drink containing more than 0.5% alcohol.

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4
Q

Who was the first Prohibition commissioner?

A

John F. Kramer.

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5
Q

What was a reason for Prohibition? (Women groups)

A

Many women’s groups saw alcohol as a means by which men oppressed them.

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6
Q

What was another reason for Prohibition (Businesses)?

A

Big businesses saw drunkenness as leading to danger and inefficiency in the workplace.

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7
Q

Which two businesses were big supporters of Prohibition?

A

The Rockefeller Corporation and Heinz.

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8
Q

What was a final reason for Prohibition (Religious groups)?

A

Many religious groups believed alcohol was the work of the devil and was overwhelmingly responsible for sin and undoing.

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9
Q

Who tended to be supporters of Prohibition?

A

Overwhelmingly Protestant, live in small towns in the South and West, and vote Republican.

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10
Q

Who tended to be opponents of Prohibition?

A

Likely to be urban, of non-northern European ethnic origin, Roman Catholic and vote Democrat.

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11
Q

By 1917 how many states had passed Prohibition laws?

A

27, and there were ‘dry’ counties where alcohol was not allowed in several other states.

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12
Q

What two factors led to the increased popularity of Prohibition?

A
  • Impact of the war
  • Disorganisation of the opposition
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13
Q

How did WW1 change attitude towards alcohol?

A
  • Grain was used in the production of alcoholic drinks was needed for food instead.
  • Many people felt patriotic to do without alcohol.
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14
Q

Who were the largest brewers at the time?

A

Ruppert, Pabst and Leiber were all of German origin.

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15
Q

How did the war impact peoples feelings towards these companies?

A

Anti-German feeling led many not to buy alcohol from these companies.

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16
Q

What did people believe alcohol was doing?

A

Led young soldiers, who were away from home for the first time, into temptation and sinful ways - so best to remove it from their grasp.

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17
Q

How was there disorganisation of the opposition?

A

There was a march and rally in New York City, a parade in Baltimore and a resolution against taking away the working man’s beer by the American Federation of Labour.

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18
Q

Was there any significant protest against Prohibition?

A

No, other than this there was little protest.

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19
Q

How much did the Anti-Saloon League estimate for an appropriate budget for Prohibition?

A

$5 million to enforce it successfully.

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20
Q

How much was Commissioner Kramer given to enforce Prohibition?

A

$2 million

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21
Q

How many miles of coastline and land border does the USA have?

A

18,700 miles

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22
Q

What was ‘rum row’?

A

The waters just outside the national limits.

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23
Q

How much of smuggled alcohol was intercepted?

A

Only about 5% of alcohol coming into the country illegally.

24
Q

How much alcohol was seized in 1924?

A

$40 million

25
Q

How much was the volume of alcohol business measured to be?

A

$800 million

26
Q

Who were ‘bootleggers’?

A

People who went into business as producers and distributers of illegal alcohol.

27
Q

Who was the ‘King of Bootleggers’?

A

George Remus

28
Q

What did George Remus do?

A

Bought up various breweries on the eve of Prohibition for the manufacture of medicinal alcohol.

29
Q

How did Remus maintain order?

A

Hired an army of 3,000 gangsters to hijack his products and divert them to the illegal stills of the big cities.

30
Q

How much did Remus make in 5 years?

A

$5 million

31
Q

What was industrial alcohol?

A

Was easily diverted and redistilled to turn it into an alcoholic drink.

32
Q

What was ‘moonshine’?

A

Illegal alcohol, named because it was manufactured in remote areas by the light of the moon.

33
Q

What were the dangers of producing ‘moonshine’?

A
  • Poisoning from wood alcohol, although not common, did happen during this period.
  • 34 people died in NYC due to this.
34
Q

How many Treasury agents were deployed to enforce Prohibition?

A

3,000

35
Q

How much were Treasury agents paid?

A

$2,500 to shut down an illegal industry whose profits were estimated at $2 billion.

36
Q

What is an example of a Treasury agent going corrupt?

A

One federal agent was said to have made $7 million selling illegal licenses and pardons to bootleggers.

37
Q

What is an example of divisons among supporters?

A

The Anti-Saloon League was bitterly divided.

38
Q

What was the division in the Anti-Saloon League?

A

Some members sought stricter enforcement laws, believing the League should actually be given power over appointment of officers.

39
Q

What was the opposition in the Ant-Saloon League?

A

Others emphasised education programmes to deter people from drinking in the first place.

40
Q

How did the role of the government lead to the failure of Prohibition?

A

No one in government seemed to be prepared to say openly that Prohibition could not be enforced.

41
Q

How does the role of the government relate to the context of 1920s America?

A

This was a period of reduced role by federal government, and most state governments were at best lukewarm in enforcement.

42
Q

How was there a shift in attitude for Americans?

A

For many Americans, particularly those living in the cities, their main aim in life became having a good time.

43
Q

How did the popularity of ‘speakeasies’ grow?

A

Illegal drinking in gangster-run speakeasies became popular with fashionable city dwellers.

44
Q

What did Prohibition lead to?

A

A huge growth in organised crime and gangsterism.

45
Q

What did mobsters do?

A

Controlled territories by force and established monopolies in the manufacture and sale of alcohol.

46
Q

Why were these territories defended violently?

A

Potentially huge profitable enterprises were involved.

47
Q

Who was John Torrio?

A

Ran most of the illegal alcohol business in Chicago and retired with $30 million.

48
Q

Who was Al Capone?

A

Torrio’s chosen successor, saw himself as embodying the spirit of free competition and enterprise in the USA.

49
Q

How much business had Al Capone done by 1932?

A

It was estimated his gang had done $70 million worth of business.

50
Q

How was Capone violent in protecting his business?

A

He built up an army of 700 gangsters who committed over 300 murders.

51
Q

What was the St. Valentines Day Massacre?

A

Five of Capone’s men, dressed as policemen, ‘arrested’ seven of the rival ‘Bugs Moran’ gang and shot over 100 bullets into them.

52
Q

How was there a growth in lack of support for Prohibition?

A
  • Illegal drinking made criminals of a good percentage of the population.
  • Prohibition worked to the detriment of the poor.
53
Q

How was there still support for Prohibition?

A
  • Supporters argued that alcohol fell from 2.6 gallons per person per year to 1 gallon.
  • Arrests for drunkenness fell, as did deaths from alcoholism.
54
Q

When did Prohibition come to an end?

A

President Roosevelt finally abolished Prohibition in 1933.

55
Q

What was one of the reasons for Prohibition come to an end?

A

A report set up by Hoover estimated that trying to enforce Prohibition took up 66% of the entire law enforcement budget.

History - USA: Boom, Bust and Recovery (18 decks)

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