Alphabet Agencies (T2) Flashcards
1
Q
What is FERA?
A
The Federal Emergency Relief Act
2
Q
When was FERA passed by Congress?
A
May 1933
3
Q
What did FERA create?
A
The Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)
4
Q
What did the Federal Emergency Relief Administration do?
A
Was allocated an initial fund of $500 million to help those in need.
5
Q
Who was appointed director of FERA?
A
Harry Hopkins
6
Q
How much was distributed to those in need over the next two years?
A
$3.1 billion
7
Q
Where did most of the money given by FERA go?
A
Most of this money went to Home Relief Bureaus and Departments of Welfare for Poor Relief.
8
Q
Who took over FERA after 1935?
A
The Social Security Board
9
Q
What did FERA build?
A
Built 5,000 public buildings and 7,000 bridges, cleared streams, dredged rivers and terraced land.
10
Q
What was the positive impact of FERA on employment?
A
Employed teachers and over 1.5 million adults were taught to read and write.
11
Q
What did FERA do for children?
A
Ran nursery schools for children from low-income families, and helped 100,000 students attend college.
12
Q
What did FERA set up?
A
Set up the CWA during the harsh winter of 1933-34, and then took on the burden of those workers after it closed down.
13
Q
What was the concern with FERA?
A
Too many people were now reliant on Federal relief and that without public works projects, millions would not be able to find unemployment.
14
Q
What was the CCC?
A
Civilian Conservation Corps.
14
Q
Whose idea was the CCC?
A
Roosevelt’s.
15
Q
Who did the CCC employ?
A
Programme was supervised by the army and offered work to young men 18-25 for a minimum of 6 months and maximum of 2 yrs.
16
Q
How many did the CCC employ at first?
A
When launched 250,000 were taken off unemployment lists and lived on-site in segregated camps
17
Q
What type of work was the CCC?
A
Mainly manual labour
18
Q
How much were men paid at the CCC?
A
Paid $1 per day plus food and lodging, of the $30 they were paid each, about $25 was sent back home to their families.
19
Q
How long did the CCC last?
A
The CCC lasted until 1942 and in all 3 million young men took part.
20
Q
What was the impact of the CCC?
A
125,000 miles of road were built, 46,854 bridges and 3 billion trees planted, as well as National Parks looked after
21
Q
Who led the NRA?
A
General Hugh Johnson.
22
Q
What was the NRA?
A
National Recovery Agency.
23
Q
What was the aim of the NRA?
A
Aimed at Industrial Recovery.
24
How did people react to the NRA?
It was controversial, big step away from Federal government laissez-faire policies
25
What did the NRA do?
The NRA was to give issue codes of practice (rules) to each industry aiming at ensuring fair competition, fair wages and hours of work.
26
What did the NRA ban?
Child labour for those under 16 was banned. This was a big success, particularly for the cotton industry.
27
What was the most contentious part of the NRA?
From the point of view of employers, and significant from the point of trade unions, was Section 7(a).
28
What was Section 7(a) of the NRA?
Allowed unions to bargain collectively for rates of pay for their members. Trade Union members were protected by law for the first time.
29
What did companies who adopted the codes display?
Companies displayed the slogan "We Do Our Part", under a Blue Eagle at huge publicity parades across the country.
30
Why did these companies display these slogans?
Franklin D. Roosevelt used this propaganda cleverly to sell the New Deal to the public.
31
How much was the NRA given?
Given $3.3 billion of government funding to spend on companies who adopted its codes
32
How many workers did the NRA create?
It is estimated that the NRA had created between 1,750,000 and 1,900,000 workers by 1934
33
What was the issue with the NRA?
Although the NRA issued 557 codes of practice many proved unworkable as it was such a big step up from how businesses had been working.
34
Who refused to adopt the NRA codes?
Some large-scale employers such as Ford refused to adopt them and some commented that the codes were unconstitutional.
35
What was the PWA?
Public Works Administration.
36
When did the PWA come into action?
June 1933.
37
Who led the PWA?
Harold Ickes.
38
What was the PWA?
The second half of the NRA for industrial recovery.
39
How much was the PWA given?
Given $3.3 billion to be spent on things such as roads, dams, hospitals and schools.
40
What was the hope for the PWA?
Hoped that this would lead to an increase in the demand for supplies from feeder industries which in turn would create more jobs and lead to more employment.
41
How many schools and roads were built thanks to the PWA?
13,000 schools were built along with 50,000 miles of road.
42
How did the PWA benefit the American people?
Millions of dollars were pumped into the economy for the benefit of the American people.
43
What did the PWA help build?
Also built dams to irrigate former semi-desert areas, electricity to areas where there had previously been none and the creation of National Parks.
44
What was the issue with Ickes in the PWA?
Ickes wanted to spend money wisely and was obsessively tightfisted. He spent a minuscule $110 million of PWA money in 1933.
45
What was the CWA?
Civil Works Administration.
46
When was the CWA introduced?
November 1933.
47
What was the CWA created by?
The PWA.
48
How much was the CWA allocated?
$400 million grant.
49
What was the aim of the CWA?
To provide the unemployed with emergency relief during the harsh winter of 1933/34.
50
What did the CWA build/improve?
Some 500,000 miles of roads, 40,000 schools, over 3,500 playgrounds.
51
How did the CWA help employment in schools?
Employed 50,000 teachers to keep rural schools open and to teach adult education classes in the cities.
52
How many artists/writers did the CWA hire?
3,000
53
Was the CWA successful?
Accomplished what it set out to achieve by putting over four million persons to work.
54
How did the CWA benefit other people?
Directly benefitted probably twelve million people otherwise dependent upon direct relief.
55
How much money did the CWA put into circulation?
$700 million
56
Did the CWA face any losses?
Such losses as occurred were negligible, on a percentage basis, and even those losses were probably added to the purchasing power of the country.
57
What was Roosevelt's concern with the CWA?
Roosevelt became concerned about creating a permanent class of people on relief work, relying on Federal relief programs.
58
When did the CWA come to an end?
March 1934.
59
What was the TVA?
Tennessee Valley Authority.
60
Why was the TVA set up?
To deal with poverty and underdevelopment in the Tennessee Valley area.
61
What was the aim of the TVA?
The aim of was to use the power of the River Tennessee which ran through 7 of the poorest states in the USA.
62
What was the area of land the TVA worked on?
80,000 square miles with a population of 2 million.
63
What was built by the TVA?
- 20 huge dams to control flooding.
- Develop ecological schemes
- Produce hydroelectric power for an area whose electricity supply was limited to 2 out of 100 farms.
64
What was the outcome of the TVA?
Residents of the area saw their income increase by 200% in the period 1929 to 1949.
65
What was the AAA?
Agricultural Adjustment Act.
66
When was the AAA introduced?
May 1933.
67
Who advised the AAA?
Rex Tugwell
68
Why was agricultural recovery seen as more important than industrial recovery?
30% of the labour force was employed in agriculture.
69
What was the aim of the AAA?
Aimed at addressing the problem of overproduction.
70
How much had agricultural production fallen by?
While industrial production had fallen by 42% agricultural production had only fallen by 6%.
71
What was the long-term aim of agricultural policies?
- To make farming more efficient by ending over production
- Meant that the most uneconomic land was taken out of production.
72
How many acres were removed out of production in 1933?
10.4 million acres.
73
How many acres were removed out of production in 1935?
30.3 million acres.
74
What was hoped for agricultural workers who lost their jobs?
Hoped that agricultural workers who lost jobs would migrate to find employment.
75
How much did total farm income rise by?
Rose from $4.5 billion in 1932 to $6.9 billion in 1935.
76
Was the AAA popular?
The Act was popular, 95% of tobacco growers signed up.
77
What did western ranchers buy under the protection of the AAA?
Western ranchers brought cattle under protection of the AAA in 1934.
78
How much cattle did the government purchase?
8.3 million cattle.
79
How much did ranchers agree to reduce breeding cows by?
Ranchers agreed to reduce breeding cows by 20% in 1937.
80
How successful was the AAA?
Although there were some problems, it seemed that the AAA was effectively helping farmers in dealing with over production and making profit.
81
What Acts did Roosevelt put in place to reform the financial system?
- Emergency Banking relief Act
- The Economies Act
- The Truth in Securities Act
- The Glass-Steagall Act
82
What did Roosevelt do in March 1933?
Closed all of the banks in America
83
What was the aim of the EBRA?
The aim of the act was to restore faith in the American Banking system.
84
What did the EBRA do?
Treasury were given the power to investigate all banks that were threatened with collapse.
85
What were the RFC given?
RFC were given authority to buy their stock to support them as well as take on many of their debts.
86
What happened to the RFC?
The RFC effectively became the biggest bank in the world.
87
What had EBRA done by April?
By the start of April $1 billion in currency had been returned to the banks that were allowed to continue to operate.
88
What did the Economies Act 1933 do?
Cut the salaries of government employees and cut ex-soldiers pensions.
89
How did Roosevelt react to the second 'Bonus Army'?
This time the protestors were met by Roosevelt, given refreshments and entertainment.
90
How did Roosevelt use his wife towards the veterans?
Roosevelt also utilised his wife who charmed the veterans who departed peacefully without their demand being met.
91
What did the Truth-In-Securities Act 1933 do?
Required brokers to give clients realistic information about securities they were selling.
92
What did the Securities Act 1934 set up?
Set up the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC).
93
What did the SEC do?
To oversee stock market activities in order to prevent fraudulent practices such as insider dealing.
94
What was the Glass-Steagall Act 1933?
Part of trying to save the banking system.
95
What did the Glass-Steagall Act do?
Prohibited commercial banks from engaging in the investment business.
96
Why was the Glass-Steagall Act enacted?
It was enacted as an emergency response to the failure of nearly 5,000 banks during the Great Depression.
97
When did the Glass-Steagall Act become a permanent measure?
1945.
98
What did the Glass-Steagall Act give?
It gave tighter regulation of national banks to the Federal Reserve System.
99
What did the Glass-Steagall Act create?
Created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC).
100
What did the FDIC do?
Insured bank deposits of up to $2,500 against failure of banks with a pool of money appropriated from banks.
101
What did the Glass-Steagall Act forbid?
Forbid bank officials from taking out personal loans from their own banks.
