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History - USA: Boom, Bust and Recovery > Alphabet Agencies (T2) > Flashcards

Alphabet Agencies (T2) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is FERA?

A

The Federal Emergency Relief Act

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2
Q

When was FERA passed by Congress?

A

May 1933

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3
Q

What did FERA create?

A

The Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)

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4
Q

What did the Federal Emergency Relief Administration do?

A

Was allocated an initial fund of $500 million to help those in need.

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5
Q

Who was appointed director of FERA?

A

Harry Hopkins

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6
Q

How much was distributed to those in need over the next two years?

A

$3.1 billion

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7
Q

Where did most of the money given by FERA go?

A

Most of this money went to Home Relief Bureaus and Departments of Welfare for Poor Relief.

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8
Q

Who took over FERA after 1935?

A

The Social Security Board

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9
Q

What did FERA build?

A

Built 5,000 public buildings and 7,000 bridges, cleared streams, dredged rivers and terraced land.

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10
Q

What was the positive impact of FERA on employment?

A

Employed teachers and over 1.5 million adults were taught to read and write.

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11
Q

What did FERA do for children?

A

Ran nursery schools for children from low-income families, and helped 100,000 students attend college.

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12
Q

What did FERA set up?

A

Set up the CWA during the harsh winter of 1933-34, and then took on the burden of those workers after it closed down.

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13
Q

What was the concern with FERA?

A

Too many people were now reliant on Federal relief and that without public works projects, millions would not be able to find unemployment.

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14
Q

What was the CCC?

A

Civilian Conservation Corps.

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14
Q

Whose idea was the CCC?

A

Roosevelt’s.

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15
Q

Who did the CCC employ?

A

Programme was supervised by the army and offered work to young men 18-25 for a minimum of 6 months and maximum of 2 yrs.

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16
Q

How many did the CCC employ at first?

A

When launched 250,000 were taken off unemployment lists and lived on-site in segregated camps

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17
Q

What type of work was the CCC?

A

Mainly manual labour

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18
Q

How much were men paid at the CCC?

A

Paid $1 per day plus food and lodging, of the $30 they were paid each, about $25 was sent back home to their families.

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19
Q

How long did the CCC last?

A

The CCC lasted until 1942 and in all 3 million young men took part.

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20
Q

What was the impact of the CCC?

A

125,000 miles of road were built, 46,854 bridges and 3 billion trees planted, as well as National Parks looked after

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21
Q

Who led the NRA?

A

General Hugh Johnson.

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22
Q

What was the NRA?

A

National Recovery Agency.

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23
Q

What was the aim of the NRA?

A

Aimed at Industrial Recovery.

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24
Q

How did people react to the NRA?

A

It was controversial, big step away from Federal government laissez-faire policies

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25
Q

What did the NRA do?

A

The NRA was to give issue codes of practice (rules) to each industry aiming at ensuring fair competition, fair wages and hours of work.

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26
Q

What did the NRA ban?

A

Child labour for those under 16 was banned. This was a big success, particularly for the cotton industry.

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27
Q

What was the most contentious part of the NRA?

A

From the point of view of employers, and significant from the point of trade unions, was Section 7(a).

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28
Q

What was Section 7(a) of the NRA?

A

Allowed unions to bargain collectively for rates of pay for their members. Trade Union members were protected by law for the first time.

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29
Q

What did companies who adopted the codes display?

A

Companies displayed the slogan “We Do Our Part”, under a Blue Eagle at huge publicity parades across the country.

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30
Q

Why did these companies display these slogans?

A

Franklin D. Roosevelt used this propaganda cleverly to sell the New Deal to the public.

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31
Q

How much was the NRA given?

A

Given $3.3 billion of government funding to spend on companies who adopted its codes

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32
Q

How many workers did the NRA create?

A

It is estimated that the NRA had created between 1,750,000 and 1,900,000 workers by 1934

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33
Q

What was the issue with the NRA?

A

Although the NRA issued 557 codes of practice many proved unworkable as it was such a big step up from how businesses had been working.

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34
Q

Who refused to adopt the NRA codes?

A

Some large-scale employers such as Ford refused to adopt them and some commented that the codes were unconstitutional.

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35
Q

What was the PWA?

A

Public Works Administration.

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36
Q

When did the PWA come into action?

A

June 1933.

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37
Q

Who led the PWA?

A

Harold Ickes.

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38
Q

What was the PWA?

A

The second half of the NRA for industrial recovery.

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39
Q

How much was the PWA given?

A

Given $3.3 billion to be spent on things such as roads, dams, hospitals and schools.

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40
Q

What was the hope for the PWA?

A

Hoped that this would lead to an increase in the demand for supplies from feeder industries which in turn would create more jobs and lead to more employment.

41
Q

How many schools and roads were built thanks to the PWA?

A

13,000 schools were built along with 50,000 miles of road.

42
Q

How did the PWA benefit the American people?

A

Millions of dollars were pumped into the economy for the benefit of the American people.

43
Q

What did the PWA help build?

A

Also built dams to irrigate former semi-desert areas, electricity to areas where there had previously been none and the creation of National Parks.

44
Q

What was the issue with Ickes in the PWA?

A

Ickes wanted to spend money wisely and was obsessively tightfisted. He spent a minuscule $110 million of PWA money in 1933.

45
Q

What was the CWA?

A

Civil Works Administration.

46
Q

When was the CWA introduced?

A

November 1933.

47
Q

What was the CWA created by?

A

The PWA.

48
Q

How much was the CWA allocated?

A

$400 million grant.

49
Q

What was the aim of the CWA?

A

To provide the unemployed with emergency relief during the harsh winter of 1933/34.

50
Q

What did the CWA build/improve?

A

Some 500,000 miles of roads, 40,000 schools, over 3,500 playgrounds.

51
Q

How did the CWA help employment in schools?

A

Employed 50,000 teachers to keep rural schools open and to teach adult education classes in the cities.

52
Q

How many artists/writers did the CWA hire?

A

3,000

53
Q

Was the CWA successful?

A

Accomplished what it set out to achieve by putting over four million persons to work.

54
Q

How did the CWA benefit other people?

A

Directly benefitted probably twelve million people otherwise dependent upon direct relief.

55
Q

How much money did the CWA put into circulation?

A

$700 million

56
Q

Did the CWA face any losses?

A

Such losses as occurred were negligible, on a percentage basis, and even those losses were probably added to the purchasing power of the country.

57
Q

What was Roosevelt’s concern with the CWA?

A

Roosevelt became concerned about creating a permanent class of people on relief work, relying on Federal relief programs.

58
Q

When did the CWA come to an end?

A

March 1934.

59
Q

What was the TVA?

A

Tennessee Valley Authority.

60
Q

Why was the TVA set up?

A

To deal with poverty and underdevelopment in the Tennessee Valley area.

61
Q

What was the aim of the TVA?

A

The aim of was to use the power of the River Tennessee which ran through 7 of the poorest states in the USA.

62
Q

What was the area of land the TVA worked on?

A

80,000 square miles with a population of 2 million.

63
Q

What was built by the TVA?

A
  • 20 huge dams to control flooding.
  • Develop ecological schemes
  • Produce hydroelectric power for an area whose electricity supply was limited to 2 out of 100 farms.
64
Q

What was the outcome of the TVA?

A

Residents of the area saw their income increase by 200% in the period 1929 to 1949.

65
Q

What was the AAA?

A

Agricultural Adjustment Act.

66
Q

When was the AAA introduced?

A

May 1933.

67
Q

Who advised the AAA?

A

Rex Tugwell

68
Q

Why was agricultural recovery seen as more important than industrial recovery?

A

30% of the labour force was employed in agriculture.

69
Q

What was the aim of the AAA?

A

Aimed at addressing the problem of overproduction.

70
Q

How much had agricultural production fallen by?

A

While industrial production had fallen by 42% agricultural production had only fallen by 6%.

71
Q

What was the long-term aim of agricultural policies?

A
  • To make farming more efficient by ending over production
  • Meant that the most uneconomic land was taken out of production.
72
Q

How many acres were removed out of production in 1933?

A

10.4 million acres.

73
Q

How many acres were removed out of production in 1935?

A

30.3 million acres.

74
Q

What was hoped for agricultural workers who lost their jobs?

A

Hoped that agricultural workers who lost jobs would migrate to find employment.

75
Q

How much did total farm income rise by?

A

Rose from $4.5 billion in 1932 to $6.9 billion in 1935.

76
Q

Was the AAA popular?

A

The Act was popular, 95% of tobacco growers signed up.

77
Q

What did western ranchers buy under the protection of the AAA?

A

Western ranchers brought cattle under protection of the AAA in 1934.

78
Q

How much cattle did the government purchase?

A

8.3 million cattle.

79
Q

How much did ranchers agree to reduce breeding cows by?

A

Ranchers agreed to reduce breeding cows by 20% in 1937.

80
Q

How successful was the AAA?

A

Although there were some problems, it seemed that the AAA was effectively helping farmers in dealing with over production and making profit.

81
Q

What Acts did Roosevelt put in place to reform the financial system?

A
  • Emergency Banking relief Act
  • The Economies Act
  • The Truth in Securities Act
  • The Glass-Steagall Act
82
Q

What did Roosevelt do in March 1933?

A

Closed all of the banks in America

83
Q

What was the aim of the EBRA?

A

The aim of the act was to restore faith in the American Banking system.

84
Q

What did the EBRA do?

A

Treasury were given the power to investigate all banks that were threatened with collapse.

85
Q

What were the RFC given?

A

RFC were given authority to buy their stock to support them as well as take on many of their debts.

86
Q

What happened to the RFC?

A

The RFC effectively became the biggest bank in the world.

87
Q

What had EBRA done by April?

A

By the start of April $1 billion in currency had been returned to the banks that were allowed to continue to operate.

88
Q

What did the Economies Act 1933 do?

A

Cut the salaries of government employees and cut ex-soldiers pensions.

89
Q

How did Roosevelt react to the second ‘Bonus Army’?

A

This time the protestors were met by Roosevelt, given refreshments and entertainment.

90
Q

How did Roosevelt use his wife towards the veterans?

A

Roosevelt also utilised his wife who charmed the veterans who departed peacefully without their demand being met.

91
Q

What did the Truth-In-Securities Act 1933 do?

A

Required brokers to give clients realistic information about securities they were selling.

92
Q

What did the Securities Act 1934 set up?

A

Set up the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC).

93
Q

What did the SEC do?

A

To oversee stock market activities in order to prevent fraudulent practices such as insider dealing.

94
Q

What was the Glass-Steagall Act 1933?

A

Part of trying to save the banking system.

95
Q

What did the Glass-Steagall Act do?

A

Prohibited commercial banks from engaging in the investment business.

96
Q

Why was the Glass-Steagall Act enacted?

A

It was enacted as an emergency response to the failure of nearly 5,000 banks during the Great Depression.

97
Q

When did the Glass-Steagall Act become a permanent measure?

A

1945.

98
Q

What did the Glass-Steagall Act give?

A

It gave tighter regulation of national banks to the Federal Reserve System.

99
Q

What did the Glass-Steagall Act create?

A

Created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC).

100
Q

What did the FDIC do?

A

Insured bank deposits of up to $2,500 against failure of banks with a pool of money appropriated from banks.

101
Q

What did the Glass-Steagall Act forbid?

A

Forbid bank officials from taking out personal loans from their own banks.

History - USA: Boom, Bust and Recovery (18 decks)

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