Progressives

Question 1

Australian Secret Ballot

Answer 1

The secret ballot, also known as the Australian ballot, is a voting method in which a voter’s identity in an election or a referendum is anonymous. This forestalls attempts to influence the voter by intimidation, blackmailing, and potential vote buying.

Question 2

Ballinger-Pinchot Affair

Answer 2

Pinchot accused Ballinger of giving away public lands to a private corporation for personal profit. - Alaskan oil land

Question 3

Bitter Cry of the Children - John Spargo

Answer 3

The Bitter Cry of the Children,Journalist and novelist, wrote of the unfair treatment of children used as child labor. Stressed better education, better schools and teachers. A muckraker novel

Question 4

Bull Moose Party

Answer 4

The Bull Moose Party was a Progressive Republican third-party founded by Theodore Roosevelt.
The Republicans were badly split in the 1912 election, because of the Bull Moose Party, causing Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson to win. However, Roosevelt gained more third party votes than ever before.

Question 5

Charles Evans Hughes

Answer 5

As Secretary of State he wanted to find a replacement to the League of Nations as a guarantee of world peace and stability. The most important of these efforts was the Washington Conference of 1921 which was an attempt to prevent a destabilizing naval armaments race among the US, Britain, and Japan.

Question 6

Clayton Antitrust Act, 1914

Answer 6

It added to the Sherman law’s list of objectionable trust practices by forbidding price discrimination; a different price for different people, and interlocking directorates; the same people serving on “competitors” boards of trustees. It also exempted labor unions from being considered trusts and legalized strikes as a form of peaceful assembly. Ultimately helped cut down on monopolies.

Question 7

Conservation

Answer 7

Conservation movement in America tried to preserve natural resources and stop destruction of resources/land.

Question 8

Cosmopolitan

Answer 8

popular magazines dedicated to exposing evil, digging for dirt and encouraged their reports who Roosevelt called muckrakers

Question 9

Desert Land Act

Answer 9

1877; first feeble step toward conservation; the federal government sold arid land cheaply on the condition that the purchaser irrigate the thirsty soil within three years

Question 10

Eighteenth Amendment

Answer 10

18th (1919): Prohibition of alcohol

Question 11

Election of 1912

Answer 11

In this election, the Democrats nominated Woodrow Wilson, giving him a strong progressive platform called the “New Freedom” program. The Republicans were split between Taft and Roosevelt’s Bull Moose Party with its “New Nationalism” program. By the division of the Republican Party, a Democratic victory was ensured.

Question 12

Elkins Act

Answer 12

In 1903, Roosevelt signed the Elkins Act, which prohibited railroads from giving rebates to their most favored and wealthy customers.

Question 13

Federal Reserve Act

Answer 13

An act establishing 12 regional Federal Reserve Banks and a Federal Reserve Board, appointed by the president, to regulate banking and create stability on a national scale in the volatile banking sector.

Question 14

Federal Trade Commission 1914

Answer 14

A banner accomplishment of Woodrow Wilson’s administration, this law empowered a standing, presidentially appointed commission to investigate illegal business practices in interstate commerce like unlawful competition, false advertising, and mislabeling of goods.

Question 15

“Fighting” Bob LaFollette

Answer 15

Governor of Wisconsin nicknamed “ Fighting Bob” who was a progressive Republican leader. His “Wisconsin Idea” was the model for state progressive government. He used the “brain trust”, a panel of experts, to help him create effective, efficient government. He was denied the nomination for the Republicans in favor of Theodore Roosevelt.

Question 16

Follow the Color Line - Ray Stannard Baker

Answer 16

He worked with Tarbell and Steffans at McClure’s. Best known for his work “Following the Color Line” (poverty and misfortunes of the black women in the south). He was the first prominent journalist to write on race relations in the South- “The Clashes of the Races in a Southern City.” He believed that social justice required journalism of “righteous indignation.”

Question 17

Frances Willard

Answer 17

an American educator, temperance reformer, and women’s suffragist. Her influence was instrumental in the passage of the Eighteenth (Prohibition) and Nineteenth (Women Suffrage) Amendments to the US Constitution. Willard became the national president of the World Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, or World WCTU, in 1879, and remained president for 19 years. She developed the slogan “Do everything” for the women of the WCTU to incite lobbying, petitioning, preaching, publication, and education.

Question 18

Grangers

Answer 18

Nation Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry. A group of agrarian organizations that worked to increase the political and economic power of farmers. They opposed corrupt business practices and monopolies, and supported relief for debtors.

Question 19

Hetch Hetchy Valley

Answer 19

The federal government allowed the city of San Francisco to build a dam here in 1913. This was a blow to preservationists, who wished to protect the Yosemite National Park, where the dam was located.

Question 20

Hepburn Act

Answer 20

The Hepburn Act is a 1906 US federal law that gave the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) the power to set maximum railroad rates and extend its jurisdiction. This led to the discontinuation of free passes to loyal shippers.

Question 21

Jacob Riis

Answer 21

“How the Other Half Lives” – An account of dirt, disease, vice and misery of rat infested slums of NYC

Question 22

Jane Addams

Answer 22

a middle-class woman dedicated to uplifting the urban masses; college educated (one of first generation); established the Hull House in Chicago in 1889 (most prominent American settlement house, mostly for immigrants); condemned war and poverty; won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931.

Question 23

Jeanette Rankin

Answer 23

first woman congress member; from Montana, First woman elected to the US House of Representatives and the first female member of Congress. A Republican and a lifelong pacifist, she was the only member of Congress to vote against US entry into both World War II and World War I. Additionally, she led resistance to the Vietnam War.

Question 24

John Muir

Answer 24

Scottish-American naturalist, author, and an advocate of preservation of wilderness in the U.S. His writings told of his adventures in nature especially the Sierra Nevada. His activism helped preserve Yosemite Valley, Sequoia National Park, and other areas.

Question 25

Ida Tarbell / History of Standard Oil

Answer 25

wrote a book about Rockefeller’s monopoly over the oil business; “The History of the Standard Oil Company” grew to be a nineteen-part series, published between November 1902 and October 1904; Tarbell wrote a detailed exposé of Rockefeller’s unethical tactics, sympathetically portraying the plight of Pennsylvania’s independent oil workers

Question 26

Initiative

Answer 26

people have the right to propose a new law

Question 27

Interstate Commerce Commission

Answer 27

Congressional legislation that established the Interstate Commerce Commission, compelled railroads to publish standard rates, and prohibited rebates and pools. Railroads quickly became adept at using the Act to achieve their own ends, but the Act gave the government an important means to regulate big business.

Question 28

Lochner vs. New York

Answer 28

the Supreme Court ruled that a New York law setting maximum working hours for bakers was unconstitutional.

Question 29

“Machine Made” Candidate / Political Machines

Answer 29

The Encyclopedia Britannica defines “political machine” as, “in U.S. politics, a party organization, headed by a single boss or small autocratic group, that commands enough votes to maintain political and administrative control of a city, county, or state”.

Question 30

Mary Lease

Answer 30

an American lecturer, writer, Georgist, and political activist. She was an advocate of the suffrage movement as well as temperance but she was best known for her work with the People’s Party(populists)

Question 31

Meat Inspection Act

Answer 31

The Meat Inspection Act of 1906 was a piece of U.S. legislation, signed by President Theodore Roosevelt on June 30, 1906, that prohibited the sale of adulterated or misbranded livestock and derived products as food and ensured sanitary slaughtering and processing of livestock.

Question 32

McClure’s Magazine

Answer 32

An American illustrated monthly periodical popular at the turn of the 20th century. It was in this magazine that progressive muckraker journalists like Lincoln Steffens and Ida Tarbell got their start.

Question 33

Muckrakers

Answer 33

journalists and novelists of the Progressive Era who sought to expose corruption in big business and government. The work of muckrakers influenced the passage of key legislation that strengthened protections for workers and consumers.

Question 34

Muller vs. Oregon

Answer 34

upheld an Oregon law limiting the workday for female wage earners to ten hours. The case established a precedent in 1908 to expand the reach of state activity into the realm of protective labor legislation.

Question 35

New Nationalism

Answer 35

political philosophy of Theodore Roosevelt, an espousal of active federal intervention to promote social justice and the economic welfare of the underprivileged; its precepts were strongly influenced by Herbert Croly’s The Promise of American Life (1910).

Question 36

Nineteenth Amendment

Answer 36

19th (1920): Women’s Suffrage

Question 37

Northern Securities

Answer 37

The Northern Securities Case
It was the first example of Roosevelt’s use of anti-trust legislation to dismantle a monopoly, in this case a holding company controlling the principal railroad lines from Chicago to the Pacific Northwest.

Question 38

Pendleton Act

Answer 38

provided that federal government jobs be awarded on the basis of merit and that government employees be selected through competitive exams. The act also made it unlawful to fire or demote for political reasons employees who were covered by the law.

Question 39

Populists

Answer 39

agrarian-based political movement aimed at improving conditions for the country’s farmers and agrarian workers. The Populist movement was preceded by the Farmer’s Alliance and the Grange. The People’s Party was a political party founded in 1891 by leaders of the Populist movement.

Question 40

Pure Food & Drug Act

Answer 40

1906 prohibited the sale of misbranded or adulterated food and drugs in interstate commerce and laid a foundation for the nation’s first consumer protection agency, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

Question 41

Recall

Answer 41

the people can petition and vote to have an elected official removed from office. These all made elected officials more responsible and sensitive to the needs of the people, and part of the movement to make government more efficient and scientific.

Question 42

Referendum

Answer 42

a law passed by the legislature can be referenced to the people for approval/veto.
A vote on a single specific issue put to the public by the government of the day. A form of direct democracy.

Question 43

Samuel Gompers

Answer 43

English-born American cigar maker who became a Georgist labor union leader and a key figure in American labor history. Founder of the AFL

Question 44

Seventeenth Amendment

Answer 44

17th (1913): Direct election of U.S. Senators

Question 45

Sherman Antitrust Act 1890

Answer 45

passed in 1890 and reflected a growing concern by the American public that the growth and expansion of monopolies were detrimental to the free market system of the US and to its citizens in general. The act marked the first attempt by the federal government to control the growth of big business. While its goal was to control the growth of monopolies that restrained trade, the vague wording of the act and its interpretation by a very conservative judiciary made the act relatively ineffective during the first decade of its life.

Question 46

Sixteenth Amendment

Answer 46

16th (1913): Establishment of the Income Tax

Question 47

Social Gospel

Answer 47

largely Protestant response to problems created by the rapid urbanization and industrialization in the US late in the nineteenth century.

Question 48

Square Deal

Answer 48

The Square Deal was Theodore Roosevelt’s domestic program, which reflected his three major goals: conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection. These three demands are often referred to as the “three Cs” of Roosevelt’s Square Deal.

Question 49

“Speak Softly and Carry a Big Stick”

Answer 49

Theodore Roosevelt apparently coined the phrase “Speak softly and carry a big stick,” which pretty accurately summarizes the foreign affair policy of Big Stick Diplomacy, in 1901. It would go on to pretty accurately summarize his actions while in office.
Roosevelt’s “big stick diplomacy” signified that the U.S. would negotiate peacefully but maintain strength to exert when needed.
A method of negotiating where it is approached peacefully, but recognizing the possible need for force. Specifically used in reference to American foreign affairs during the presidency of Theodore Roosevelt.

Question 50

Suffrage

Answer 50

The right to vote in Political elections. A vote given in favor of a proposed measure or candidate. The exercise of a right to vote.

Question 51

Teddy Roosevelt

Answer 51

Roosevelt was a realist and a conservative. He deplored many of the increasingly popular idealistic liberal themes, such as were promoted by William Jennings Bryan, the anti-imperialists, and Woodrow Wilson. Kissinger says he rejected the efficacy of international law.

Question 52

Triangle Shirtwaist Company

Answer 52

The fire led to legislation requiring improved factory safety standards and helped spur the growth of the International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union (ILGWU), which fought for better working conditions for sweatshop workers.
In October 1911, New York passed the Sullivan-Hoey Fire Prevention Law in response to the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire. It required factory owners to install sprinkler systems, established the New York City Fire Prevention Bureau, and expanded the powers of the fire commissioner.

Question 53

Triple Wall of Privilege

Answer 53

Woodrow Wilson’s New Freedom sought to achieve this vision by attacking what Wilson called the Triple Wall of Privilege — the tariff, the banks, and the trusts. Tariffs protected the large industrialists at the expense of small farmers.

Question 54

Trust Busting

Answer 54

Trust-busting is any government activity designed to kill trusts or monopolies. Theodore Roosevelt is the U.S. president most associated with dissolving trusts. However, William Howard Taft signed twice as much trust-busting legislation during his presidency.

Question 55

Underwood Tariff

Answer 55

Provided for a substantial reduction of rates and enacted an unprecedented, gradual federal income tax.

Question 56

Woodrow Wilson New Freedom

Answer 56

New Freedom, in U.S. history, political ideology of Woodrow Wilson, enunciated during his successful 1912 presidential campaign, pledging to restore unfettered opportunity for individual action and to employ the power of government in behalf of social justice for all.

Question 57

William Howard Taft

Answer 57

To raise federal money he backed an income tax amendment and approved corporate and inheritance taxes. He accepted an amendment for direct election of senators. And he supported the Children’s Bureau, which helped eliminate child labor and improved health care for families.

Question 58

William Jennings Bryan/Cross of Gold

Answer 58

He decried the gold standard, concluding the speech, “you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold”. Bryan’s address helped catapult him to the Democratic Party’s presidential nomination and is considered one of the greatest political speeches in American history.

Question 59

Women’s Christian Temperance Union

Answer 59

Founded to fight against the evils of excessive alcohol consumption, and they also fought for to abolish prostitution and for women to vote later granted in the nineteenth amendment.

Question 60

Yosemite National Park

Answer 60

1880s in California; created by Congress; Controversy over the Hetch Hetchy Valley there-San Francisco residents worried about needing more water, want it to be a reservoir