Progression of AD

Question 1

Preclinical AD is characterized by…

1. first signs are noticed int he ________ cortex, then proceed to the _________
2. affected regions begin to shrink as nerve cells die
3. Levels of _______ particularly ____ drop.
4. Changes can begin ___ to ____ years before symptoms appear.
5. _______is the first sign of AD

Answer 1

Preclinical AD is characterized by…

1. first signs are noticed in the ENTORHINEAL cortex, then proceed to the HIPPOCAMPUS
2. affected regions begin to shrink as nerve cells die
3. Levels of NEUROTRANSMITTER particularly ACETYLCHOLINE drop.
4. Changes can begin 10 to 20 years before symptoms appear.
5. MEMORY LOSS is the first sign of AD

Question 2

First measurable signs of AD occur in the …. and proceed to the …..

Answer 2

entorhineal cortex and proceed to the hippocampus

Question 3

During mild to moderate AD…

Answer 3

cortex begins to shrink due to neuronal loss

Question 4

Symptoms of mild AD include…
(6)
1 MMMAP

Answer 4

memory loss, confusion, trouble handling money, poor judgement, mood changes and anxiety

Memory, Mood, Money, anxiety, poor judgment

Question 5

Moderate AD symptoms…

MMAP + …

Answer 5

increased memory loss, confusion, problems recognizing people, difficulty with language and thoughts, restlessness, agitation, wandering and repetitive statements.

memory, mood, money, anxiety poor judgment, diff recognizing people , use language, thoughts and restlessness, repetitive statements and wandering.

Question 6

Severe AD progression…

Answer 6

extreme shrinkage occurs in the brain, and patients are completely dependent on others

Question 7

Symptoms of severe AD…

Answer 7

weight loss, seizures, skin infections, groaning, moaning, or grunting, increased sleeping, loss of bladder control and bowel movements.

Question 8

How does death usually occur

Answer 8

aspiration pneumonia or other infections

Question 9

AD likely caused by interplay of …

Answer 9

genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors

Question 10

Free radicals are…and the _____ damage from them can…Resistance to and ______ of this damage …

Answer 10

by products of normal metabolism and the oxidative damage from them can injure molecules. Resistance and repair of this damage declines with age

Question 11

Free radicals are inhibited by…

Answer 11

antioxidants

Question 12

In early life higher skills in ….. and density of _______ are associated with protection from AD

Answer 12

In early life higher skills in grammar and density of ideas are associated with protection from AD

Question 13

Physicians use the following to diagnose AD:

1. detailed…
2. info from…
3. ___ &____ exams and _____ tests
4. neuropsychological tests
5. imaging tools such as…..

Answer 13

1. detailed patient history
2. info from family & friends
3. physical & neurological exams and lab tests
4. neuropsychological tests
5. imaging tools such as CT and MRI- PET more for research purposes